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41.
Ferroelectric properties of ultrathin films of Nylon 11 were investigated. The thickness was in the range of 25 to 55 nm. Ferroelectric response was largely affected by thermal annealing and following cooling conditions. Thermal annealing at higher temperature followed by quenching in liquid nitrogen gave larger remanent polarization and smoother surface, whereas cooling down in an ambient atmosphere caused smaller remanent polarization and rough surface. Surface roughness strongly affected the polarization reversal and remanent polarization. Hydrogen bonding in crystal was also significantly related to the polarization reversal and thus remanent polarization. 相似文献
42.
Shin-ichi Morita Yasutaka Hayamizu Akihiko Horibe Naoto Haruki Hideo Inaba 《热科学学报(英文版)》2013,22(2):145-151
Recently, much attention has been paid to investigate the latent heat storage system. Using of ice heat storage system brings an equalization of electric power demand, because it will solved the electric -power-demand-concentration on day-time of summer by the air conditioning. The flowable latent heat storage material, Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enable to transport the latent heat in a pipe. The flowable latent heat storage material can realize the pipe size reduction and system efficiency improvement. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase brings the obstruction of latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed water drops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The water drops in emulsion has the diameter within 3 ~ 25μm, the averaged water drop diameter is 7.3μm and the standard deviation is 2.9μm. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of water drops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature and the cooling rate are set as parameters of this study. The evaluation is performed by comparison between the results of this study and the past research. The obtained experimental result is shown that the 35K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It was clarified that the supercooling rate of dispersed water particles in emulsion shows the larger value than that of the bulk water. 相似文献
43.
Isono N Tochihara T Kusnadi Y Win TT Watanabe K Obae K Ito H Matsui H 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2004,97(4):244-249
We have cloned the gene encoding a beta-fructofuranosidase from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO 3062, and subsequently, the gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. This beta-fructofuranosidase gene encodes a protein of 548 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 60,519 Da. We have examined the roles of three residues of A. globiformis IFO 3062 beta-fructofuranosidase by site-directed mutagenesis, and found that aspartic acid 130 and glutamic acid 392, which are two of the apparent catalytic residues, are essential for hydrolase activity. This study provides the first experimental evidence showing that these two amino acid residues of beta-fructofuranosidase play a critical role in hydrolyzing sucrose. 相似文献
44.
Differential formation of allophane and imogolite: experimental and molecular orbital study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Allophane and imogolite are naturally occurring aluminum silicate soil constituents with nano-ball and nano-tube morphology.
Wall of the both materials is composed of Al(OH)3 sheet with orthosilicic acid attached to it. Synthesis of allophane and imogolite can be controlled by addition of alkali
and alkaline-earth metal ions. The main reaction product without or with small amounts addition of the metal ions is imogolite,
while allophane forms when the metal ions were much added. The effect of metal ions on facilitating allophane formation and
inhibition of imogolite formation were greater in the following order of Na, K < Ca, Mg. These metal ions affect the degree
of dissociation of Si–OH group of orthosilicic acid, which may causes differential formation of allophane and imogolite. Structure
optimization of the proto-imogolite model, precursor of allophane and imogolite, showed that when the Si–OH was undissociated,
the shape of proto-imogolite model was transformed to asymmetrical in molecular configuration. This caused curling of the
proto-imogolite model, which lead to formation of imogolite tube. On the other hand, when the Si–OH was dissociated, the shape
of the proto-imogolite model was transformed to symmetrical configuration. This model curved to make a hollow sphere with
placing the orthosilicic acid inside the sphere (allophane). Both of the experimental and molecular orbital calculation results
proved that the dissociation of the Si–OH has an important role during the differential formation of allophane and imogolite. 相似文献
45.
Toshiyuki Nishimura Xin Xu Koji Kimoto Naoto Hirosaki Hidehiko Tanaka 《Science and Technology of Advanced Materials》2007,8(7-8):635
Fine-grained silicon nitride ceramics were investigated mainly for their high-strain-rate plasticity. The preparation and densification of fine silicon nitride powder were reviewed. Commercial sub-micrometer powder was used as raw powder in the “as-received” state and then used after being ground and undergoing classification operation. Chemical vapor deposition and plasma processes were used for fabricating nanopowder because a further reduction in grain size caused by grinding had limitations. More recently, nanopowder has also been obtained by high-energy milling. This process in principle is the same as conventional planetary milling. For densification, primarily hot pressing was performed, although a similar process known as spark plasma sintering (SPS) has also recently been used. One of the advantages of SPS is its high heating rate. The high heating rate is advantageous because it reduces sintering time, achieving densification without grain growth. We prepared silicon nitride nanopowder by high-energy milling and then obtained nanoceramics by densifying the nanopowder by SPS. 相似文献
46.
Kenji Kinashi Hironori ShinkaiWataru Sakai Naoto Tsutsumi 《Organic Electronics》2013,14(11):2987-2993
Photorefractive (PR) performances of methyl-substituted poly(triarylamine) (PTAA)-based PR device were demonstrated using chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes. The SAM-ITO electrodes successfully suppressed dark current which blocks the formation of space-charge field and also causes the dielectric breakdown. The PR device consisted of composite of PTAA, 4-azacycloheptylbenzylidenemalononitrile (7-DCST), N-ethylcarbazole (ECz), and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) sandwiched between the SAM-ITO electrodes. The PR devices showed the PR performances: optical gain Γ, refractive index Δn, diffraction efficiency η, response time τ, sensitivity S, phase shift Φ, trap-limited field Eq, number density of traps NT, and space-charge field ESC. The remarkable response time of 11.3 ms was achieved at the low electric field of 20 V μm−1, which was comparable to the response time of high-definition television (HDTV) quality of 16 ms. Our approach will widen the usage of higher mobility materials to photorefractive field and give us more favorable materials to achieve the best performance of photorefractivity in the future. 相似文献
47.
Yoshimasa Kondo Takao Saito Tatsuya Terazawa Naoto Ohtake 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2007,159(4):1-7
Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films show high hardness, high electric resistivity, and the self‐lubricant characteristic, and many applications and synthesis methods have been reported. Pulse plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is one of the synthesis methods suitable for DLC films on complicated form work, such as molding and extruding die. Ordinary, microsecond‐order pulse is used in this method. This paper describes the development of the synthesis method using nanosecond‐order pulse plasma CVD for DLC films. To realize this process, a static induction (SI) thyristor with an inductive energy storage (IES) circuit was used. Compared with microsecond, nanosecond‐order pulse plasma CVD method shows the characteristics of high electron temperature and exponential relationship between pulse frequency and growth rate. The characteristics of the thus‐obtained DLC films show two broad peaks of the disordered band at 1360 cm?1 and the graphitic band at 1580 cm?1 by Raman spectroscopy and hardness of 16.0 GPa and elastic modulus of 170 GPa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(4): 1–7, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20341 相似文献
48.
49.
Hiroyuki Hamada Hiroyuki Kato Naoto Ito Yoshihiko Takase Hironobu Nanbu Shoko Mishima Hiromu Sakaki Kiyotaka Sato 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2010,112(12):1323-1330
Biodiesel fuels (BDF) have many problems in the cold due to their crystallization properties. In particular, precipitation of large crystals of high‐melting fractions in BDF at low temperatures remarkably changes cold flow property of BDF and, thereby, it increases the values of cold filter plugging point. In this study, we evaluated polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGE) and ethylene‐vinyl acetate co‐polymer (EVA) as chemical additives to improve the cold flow property of palm oil‐based FAME (PFME). The results of solid fat content measurement indicate that the simultaneous addition of PGE and EVA showed synergistic effects on suppression of crystallization of PFME, however such effect was not observed when EVA was used alone. DSC thermograms indicated that the PGE additives not only decreased the crystallization temperature but also kinetically suppressed the crystal growth. Polarized light microscopy showed that the simultaneous addition of PGE and EVA led to the formation of considerably small and fine‐dispersed crystals of PFME. These results indicate that combined effects of PGE and EVA caused the formation of fine‐dispersed PFME crystals, which could improve the viscous properties of palm oil‐based BDF at relatively cold temperatures. 相似文献
50.
Rong-Jun Xie Naoto Hirosaki Mamoru Mitomo Takayuki Suehiro Xin Xu Hidehiko Tanaka 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2005,88(10):2883-2888
Rare-earth-doped Ca-α-SiAlON phosphors, with the compositions of (Ca1−3/2 x RE x ) m /2 Si12− m − n Al m+n O n N16− n (RE=Ce, Sm, and Dy, 0.5≤ m =2 n ≤3.0), were prepared by sintering at 1700°C for 2 h under 10 atm N2 . The concentration of rare earths varied from 3 to 30 at.% with respect to Ca. The photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated as functions of the composition of the host matrix (i.e., m ) and the concentration of rare earths (i.e., x ). The results show that the emission properties can be optimized by tailoring m and x . The Ce3+ luminescence originating from the 4 f –5 d interconfigurational transitions is greatly affected by the environment surrounding the Ce3+ ions, which differs from the Sm3+ or Dy3+ luminescence arising from the 4 f –4 f intraconfigurational transitions. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to explain the composition and concentration dependence of PL properties. 相似文献