Utilization of chickpea flour in sausages

'English' type fresh skinless sausages were prepared in which some of the meat (mutton, pork or beef) was replaced on a protein to protein basis by chickpea flour. The acceptability of mutton sausages containing chickpea flour was not affected at levels of substitution up to 40%, whereas pork and beef sausages were significantly less acceptable at substitution levels above 30%. In all the sausages incorporation of chickpea flour led to increased cooking losses and softer textures. Incorporation of chickpea flour caused discoloration of the raw sausages which became more prominent during storage at 0°C.     

Braille document recognition using Belief Propagation

There is a significant need for a system to recognize Braille documents in order to preserve them and make them available to a larger group of visually impaired people. A new system for Braille document recognition is proposed. We introduce a highly-adaptive Braille documents parameters estimation method to automatically determine the rotation angle, indentations, and spacing in both vertical and horizontal orientation. The key element in determining the rotation angle of the images is based on Radon transform. Also we introduce the method of Braille translation using Belief Propagation on the assumption that the Braille document is a Hidden Markov Model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of rotation angle correction as well as the accuracy of indentation and spacing in both orientations. We also prove that the translation algorithm is efficient and robust to errors made in the dot detection. The proposed method may be used for further applications.     

A Distance Based Reliable Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Algorithm in Cognitive Radio

Spectrum sensing is the most critical task in cognitive radio (CR) which needs to be performed very precisely in order to efficiently utilize the underutilized spectrum and to provide sufficient protection to the primary users (PUs). To improve the sensing performance under fading, shadowing and hidden terminal problems more than one CR users collaboratively perform the spectrum sensing called as cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS). In conventional CSS the decision of each CR is fused at fusion center with equal weights. But due to variable distance of each CR from the PU all decisions are not equally reliable and therefore should be assigned different weights according to their reliability. In this paper we propose a new weighting scheme for CSS under Rayleigh faded channel. In proposed weighting scheme, based on the distance of each CR from the PU reliability of CR nodes is determined and correspondingly appropriate weights are assigned to different users. The CSS algorithm using new weighting scheme gives better performance than conventional CSS algorithm.     

Comparative performance of some polynomial-based lowpass filters for microwave/digital transmission applications

This paper reports on the comparative performances of some polynomial based lowpass filters in the lumped elements, microstrip and defected ground structure (DGS) environment. The microwave designers are normally familiar with Butterworth, Chebyshev and Bessel filters. However, many more polynomials based, ripple and non-ripple types LPF have been suggested for the low-frequency applications. Some of these LPF, such as L-opt, H-type, Transitional Butterworth-Legendre (TBL), Pascal, Legendre group of LPF, are compared for their applications in analog microwaves, digital transmission, efficiency enhancement of the linear power amplifiers and five level partial response modulations. A method is reported to compute the ripple frequency for the Legendre group of LPF and Pascal LPF. Further, a design is suggested to significantly improve group delay performance of high selectivity filters.     

Routing Protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks: Comparative and Empirical Analysis

Wireless Personal Communications - A Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a network capable of handling long delays and data loss efficiently in various challenged scenarios and environments. Owing to...     

Smart City Healthcare Cyber Physical System: Characteristics,Technologies and Challenges

Wireless Personal Communications - The recent pandemic has demanded a strong and smart healthcare system which can monitor the patients efficiently and handle the situation that arises from the...     

A low-power up-conversion CMOS mixer for 22-29-GHz ultra-wideband applications

A double-balanced, low-power, and low-voltage dual-gate up-conversion mixer working at K-band is designed and fabricated in the UMC 130-nm logic CMOS process. The mixer achieves a 3-dB conversion-gain bandwidth of 1.8 GHz at the input IF port and a 3-dB conversion-gain bandwidth of 10 GHz at the output RF port. The mixer achieves an output referred 1-dB compression point as high as -5.8 dBm and an output referred third-order intercept point as high as 5.8 dBm, while consuming 8.0 mW from a 1.2-V supply. This study demonstrates that the implementation of low-power mixers operating in the 22-29-GHz band for ultra-wideband automotive radar applications is possible in low-cost and low-voltage logic CMOS technology.     

Comprehensive review for energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols on wireless sensor networks

Wireless Networks - In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have played a major role in applications such as tracking and monitoring in remote environments. Designing energy efficient...     

Enhanced ground bounce noise reduction in a low-leakage CMOS multiplier

In this paper, various parameters are used to reduce leakage power, leakage current and noise margin of circuits to enhance their performance. A multiplier is proposed with low-leakage current and low ground bounce noise for the microprocessor, digital signal processors (DSP) and graphics engines. The ground bounce noise problem appears when a conventional power-gating circuit transits from sleep-to-active mode. This paper discusses a reduction in leakage current in the stacking power-gating technique by three modes – sleep, active and sleep-to-active. The simulation results are performed on a 4 × 4 carry-save multiplier for leakage current, active power, leakage power and ground bounce noise, and comparison made for different nanoscales. Ground bounce noise is limited to 90%. The leakage current of the circuit is decimated up to 80% and the active power is reduced to 31%. We performed simulations using cadence virtuoso 180 and 45 nm at room temperature at various supply voltages.