Layers of the past: A theory and method for historical landscape analysis

The scope of this paper is to present a landscape analysis which allows for the inclusion of dynamics through time and the cultural diversity of the landscape. Our method is to classify the physical landscape into area types based on the main forms of production in the agricultural society. This is combined with known historical sites, and the result is presented as maps representing different periods in time. We also generate character areas from modern land use and geological maps on the basis of the elements which dominate the landscape today. Finally, we combine the time images with the character areas to present functional units in a manner which includes time depth. The method is described through examples from a municipality in southern Norway (Nøtterøy). The method is useful for defining cultural environments for the purpose of area planning and conservation, and is applicable on a general level.     

Variations in Oncology Consultations: How Dictation Allows Variations to be Documented in Standardized Ways

In-between 2016 and 2017 a new hospital information system (HIS) was introduced at several hospitals in Denmark radically changing the core work practices for a majority of the healthcare professionals. Promptly, the new HIS began to receive criticism from healthcare professionals for failing to live up to proclaimed expectations. To fully understand the problems experienced by the healthcare professionals we need to understand the fundamental nature of the work prior to the implementation. In this paper, we investigate patient consultations as they were performed prior to the implementation of the HIS at an oncology department. Reporting from a 1.5 year-long study, we find patient consultations were organized in three sequential activities: review, interaction, and documentation. Further, we find that the dictaphone served as a key artifact allowing physicians to enact flexibility in documentation while simultaneously providing them with the capability to communicate and coordinate with the medical secretaries. Our empirical findings suggest that the medical secretaries are critical for structured documentation of variations in health data and are the cornerstones that allow physicians to enact sentimental efforts when interacting with patients. These insights prove important in understanding the criticism aimed at the new HIS implementation since the implementation removed the dictaphone as a key artifact and instead introduced a new organizational structure where documentation was assumed accomplished in parallel with patient interaction. The transformation consequently shifted work, previously performed by the medical secretaries, to the physicians.     

Major hazard risk indicators for monitoring of trends in the Norwegian offshore petroleum sector

The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA, formerly Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) took in 1999 the initiative to develop a method in order to assess trends and status for the risk levels in the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry. A method was developed, and a pilot study report was issued in April 2001, covering the period 1996–2000. Annual updates have been performed since then, and the latest report covers the period 1996–2004. The statistical approach is based on recording occurrence of near misses and relevant incidents, performance of barriers and results from risk assessments. Of similar importance is an evaluation of safety culture, motivation, communication and perceived risk. This is covered through the use of social science methods, such as questionnaire surveys and a number of interviews, audit and inspection reports as well as accident and incident investigations. There are also indicators for occupational accidents and occupational illness/-physical working environment factors.The focus is on the major hazard risk components for personnel staying on the offshore installations. An overview of the indicators used to illustrate these risk aspects is presented, followed by a discussion of the analytical approach used for these indicators. Results from the risk assessment for the Norwegian Continental Shelf in the period 1996–2004 are used throughout for illustration, and discussion of challenges.     

Ageing and work-hardening behaviour of a commercial AA7108 aluminium alloy

In the 7xxx aluminium alloying system several mechanisms influence the hardening behaviour of the alloys, e.g. particle size and distribution, dislocation density and alloying elements in solid solution. This work is an experimental study of ageing and work-hardening considering a commercial AA7108 alloy in the as-cast and homogenized condition. Tensile specimens have been exposed to a solution heat treatment and a two-step age-hardening treatment with varying time at the final temperature. The tensile data for the different tempers have been evaluated in elucidation of already existing models based on a one-parameter framework. The precipitate size and distribution have been further investigated in the transmission electron microscope for a selection of tempers, and the influence of these parameters on the work-hardening behaviour has been discussed.     

Slamming in marine applications

Practical slamming problems for ships and ocean structures are briefly described. Theoretical status and future challenges for water entry on an initially calm free surface, wetdeck slamming, green water and sloshing are presented. It is emphasized that slamming should be considered in the framework of structural dynamics response and integrated with the global flow analysis around a ship or ocean structure or with violent fluid motion inside a tank. Two-phase flow can give important loading and needs to be better understood. Slamming on a VLFS with shallow draft is dealt with in detail.     

Pozzolanic reactivity of lightweight aggregates

Over recent years more attention has been given to the influence of the aggregate-cement paste interfacial zone on the various properties of concrete. For the lightweight aggregate - cement paste interface, it is believed that the interface is characterized by a mechanical interlocking in combination with a chemical interaction in the form of pozzolanic reaction. In the literature, however, not too much information on the effect of the pozzolanic reactivity of lightweight aggregates is available. Therefore, an investigation on the pozzolanic reactivity of some lightweight aggregates based on expanded clay and sintered fly ash was carried out. A certain degree of pozzolanic reaction between cement paste and lightweight aggregate was observed, but the effect was not very pronounced. The low degree of pozzolanic reactivity may be the result of a recrystallization of the mineral compounds during the manufacturing process of the aggregate.     

The influence of gravity on the performance of planing vessels in calm water

Usually gravity can be neglected for planing vessels at very high planing speed. However, if the planing speed becomes lower, the influence of gravity must be considered. A 2D+t theory with gravity effects is applied to study the steady performance of planing vessels at moderate planing speeds. In the framework of potential theory, a computer program based on a boundary-element method (BEM) in two dimensions is first developed, in which a new numerical model for the jet flow is introduced. The spray evolving from the free surface is cut to avoid the plunging breaker to impact on the underlying water. Further, flow separation along a chine line can be simulated. The BEM program is verified by comparing with similarity solutions and validated by comparing with drop tests of V-shaped cylinders. Then the steady motion of prismatic planing vessels is studied by using the 2D+t theory. The numerical results are compared with the results by Savitsky’s empirical formula and the experiments by Troesch. Significant nonlinearities in the restoring force coefficients can be seen from the results. Three-dimensional effects are discussed to explain the difference between the numerical results and the experimental results. Finally, in the comparison of results at high planing speed and moderate planing speed, it is shown that the gravity not only affects the free-surface profile around the hull, but also influences the hydrodynamic force on the hull surface.     

Evaluation of constitutive models for textured aluminium alloys using plane-strain tension and shear tests

The constitutive modelling of the strongly textured aluminium alloys AA6063-T6 and AA7003-T6 is studied. The materials were delivered in the form of flat extruded profiles. Plane-strain tension and shear tests in the plane of the flat profiles are performed. The tests are then used to evaluate a constitutive model including an anisotropic yield function, the associated flow rule and a nonlinear isotropic work-hardening rule. The parameters of the yield criterion and the work-hardening rule were identified primarily from uniaxial tension tests in different in-plane directions. It is suggested how analytical considerations and the results from the plane-strain tension and shear tests may be used to obtain a more accurate calibration of the anisotropic yield criterion. To further assess the constitutive model, finite element simulations of the plane-strain tension and shear tests are carried out and the results compared with the experimental force-elongation curves. Significant deviations in the experimental and predicted results are disclosed, and attributed partly to the parameter identification, primarily based on uniaxial tension tests, and partly to the assumption of isotropic work-hardening. Polycrystal plasticity calculations are carried out for simple shear of the AA7003-T6 material, indicating that texture evolution plays an important role in determining the response in this test already at moderate strains.     

Cleavage Fracture Initiation at M–A Constituents in Intercritically Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a HSLA Steel

Local brittle zones, i.e., martensite–austenite (M–A) islands, are formed within the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and the intercritically reheated CGHAZ (ICCGHAZ) during welding of many HSLA steels. In the current study, the M–A constituents in the microstructure of simulated ICCGHAZ of an API X80 pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The focused ion beam technique was applied to make TEM specimens of M–A constituents that were located in the initiation sites of cleavage cracks. The main purpose of the study was to identify crack-initiation sites of cleavage fracture in ICCGHAZ and to prove the presence of M–A constituents in such initiation sites. Twinned martensite was detected in all local brittle zones that were investigated in the current study, demonstrating that they are M–A constituents. It was also demonstrated that the fracture initiation occurred preferentially at M–A constituents by a debonding mechanism rather than cracking of the M–A constituents.