The effect of bark content on quality parameters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) pellets

Increased use of pellets has resulted in a shortage of the traditional raw materials required for pellet making, including saw dust, shavings and cuttings from saw mills. Therefore, the pellets industry has started to look for alternative raw materials. Limited consumption of pulpwood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Norway has made it a potential raw material for the pellets industry.A study on how bark content affects the quality of pellets is reported in this paper. Pellets from pinewood containing zero, five, 10, 30 and 100 percent bark were produced, and their quality parameters were evaluated. Combustion tests were also performed on the produced pellets.Pellets made from pure bark had the best mechanical properties compared with pellets made of wood containing various concentrations of bark. The differences were not substantial and the durability for all chosen assortments was in the same quality class in the CEN standard. A positive effect off the amount of steam added was found. The bulk densities of the blend pellets were higher than those of pure wood and bark. The ash content increased with the amount of bark in the pellets. There were no problems with sintering when the bark content was low (five and 10 percent). For pure bark pellets some sintering was registered.     

分散发电电力质量的国际标准

有人建议分散发电应用一组参数来表示其特征 ,该项参数表示最大连续功率 ,无功功率 ,闪变及谐波等 ,并应用它们来预计对电压质量的影响。本文的根据是说明风力发电机组电力质量要求的 IEC6 1 4 0 0 -2 1 ,作者建议相似的内容可以用于其他分散发电技术     

Syntheses of Octa(2‐heteroaryl) Azaphthalocyanines

Magnesium, copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of octasubstituted azaphthalocyanines 3 — 5 have been prepared from di‐fur‐2‐yl, di‐thien‐2‐yl and di‐pyrid‐2‐yl pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitriles 2 . Compounds 2 were prepared in good yields from condensations of diaminomaleonitrile and the diketones 2,2′‐furil, 2,2′‐thenil and 2,2′‐pyridil. AzaPcs 3—5 give green pyridine solutions with Q‐bands at 650—670 nm and ε‐values of 60 000—190 000.     

Charakterisierung zweier Karstsysteme mithilfe organischer Spurenstoffe

In the presented work the occurrence of organic micro-pollutants is discussed for two karst areas with different geological characteristics and land-use patterns. Within an urban moderately karstified catchment with a large number of local input sources (e.g. contaminated sites, sewer leakages), a greater variety of micro-pollutants is found compared to a rural area. Mostly the concentrations of these compounds decrease below quantification limits before emerging at the spring and can therefore only be detected by a comprehensive network of sampling points. Springs show the presence of micro-pollutants, either recently applied in large amounts or characterized by high persistence. At the outlet of a highly karstified and consequently highly permeable aquifer readily biodegradable compounds are detected. Due to high groundwater flow velocities investigations of micro-pollutants require a highly resolved monitoring. Therefore, beside substance properties, also hydrogeological characteristics affect the spectrum of detectable micro-pollutants.     

Engineering geological investigations for a subsea tunnel for an oil pipeline across the hjeltefjorden strait

A subsea tunnel across the approx. 6-km-wide and 375-m-deep Hjeltefjorden strait was planned to be part of STATOIL's concept for transportation of crude oil to the Mongstad refinery (GULLPIPE). The planning and engineering geological investigations were carried out in three phases from May 1983 to May 1984. This article deals with the different engineering geological investigations made, the results obtained, the evaluation and the recommendations made in connection with this subsea tunnel. Of particular importance were refraction seismic investigations of the seabed at depths of more than 350 m. Also, core drilling at such depths was carried out for the first time.     

Wind stress over waves in stably stratified flow

The paper presents the wind shear stress on the sea surface as well as the velocity profile in stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer flow over wind waves by using similarity theory. For a given geostrophic velocity, Coriolis parameter, spectral peak period and stratification parameter, the sea surface shear stress is determined. Further, the direction of the sea surface shear stress and the velocity profile are given. Parameterizations of the results are also presented. Finally, the engineering relevance of the results is discussed, and, if the wind velocity at the 10 m elevation is available, a simplified method of calculating the sea surface shear stress is given.     

Sensory quality of marinated frozen stored chicken thighs as affected by dietary fish fat and vitamin E

The effects of diets containing fish meal (0 or 4%), fish silage (0 or 4%) and vitamin E (60 or 200 mg kg^–1) and the processing effect of marinating with sodium citrate (0.24 or 0.48%) or ascorbate (0.31 or 0.62%) have been studied to test the hypothesis that oxidative stability of frozen stored chicken thighs can be improved by such treatments. A trained sensory panel assessed the samples after storage at –25 °C for 1 week, 3 and 6 months. Feed with 4% fish meal resulted in increased fish flavour and odour of the thighs while 4% fish silage had a smaller effect on these attributes. Fish meal and fish silage added together into the feed by an amount of 4% each, caused strong fish flavour and odour in the product and accelerated the rancidity process. High concentration of vitamin E (200 mg kg^–1) in the feed reduced rancidity when 4% fish products had been added to the feed, but no effect was noted when 4% fish meal plus 4% fish silage had been added together. High concentration of ascorbate in the brine (0.62%) decreased sensory score for rancidity attributes (hay, grass, soap and paint), while high concentration of citrate (0.48%) increased these parameters in frozen stored chicken thighs.