Grain refinement of microalloyed austenite due to statical recrystallization after hot deformation

In a microalloyed Nb-Mo steel the austenite structure was evaluated. For hot compression tests in the temperature region of 1000–1150°C with subsequent complete statical recrystallization the hot deformation simulator (WUMSI) was employed. Effects of initial austenite grain size, strain and deformation temperature on recrystallized austenite structure were established. The results emphasize the controlling role of potential nucleation sites. The single deformation study was supplemented by some multiple deformation tests and common guidelines were formulated.     

Berechnung und Meßmethode zur Bestimmung des Temperaturgefälles und des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten bei der direkten Kühlung von Stahldraht

Direkte Wasserkühlung von Stahldraht nach dem Ziehvorgang. Berechnung des Temperaturgefälles in einem dem Ziehhol nachgeschalteten Kühlrohr. Messung der Drahttemperaturdifferenz zwischen Kühlrohrein- und -austritt mit der Infrarotthermometrie zur Bestimmung des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten an der Drahtoberfläche. Ermittlung des Emissionsgrades.     

Berechnung des Temperaturfeldes in Arbeitswalzen von Warm- und Kaltwalzwerken

Walztechnische Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Temperaturverteilung in den Walzen. Voraussetzungen zur Aufstellung eines zweidimensionalen mathematischen Modells für das Temperaturfeld. Herleitung einer vollständigen analytischen Lösung der Differentialgleichung der Wärmeleitung. Nach Fourier entwickelte Oberflächentemperatur der Walze als Randbedingung. Berechnungsbeispiele. Einfluß der Winkelgeschwindigkeit der Walze auf die Eindringtiefe des Temperaturwechselbereiches. Isothermenfelder.     

Spannungen im Stab,Richtkraft und Antriebsmoment beim Richten von Rundstäben in Zwei-Walzen-Richtmaschinen

Biegerichten in Schrägwalzen-Richtmaschinen und besondere Verhältnisse beim Richten in Zwei-Walzen-Maschinen. Spannungen im Stab, Beanspruchung des Werkstoffs. Ausbildung der plastischen Bereiche, Richtkraft und Antriebsmomente bei freier Biegung und bei Biegung mit Querprägen.     

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Ubiquitin in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinsonian Disorders

1 Purpose

Dysfunctional proteostasis, with decreased protein degradation and an accumulation of ubiquitin into aggregated protein inclusions, is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Identifying new potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflecting this process could contribute important information on pathophysiology.

2 Experimental design

A developed method combining SPE and PRM‐MS is employed to monitor the concentration of ubiquitin in CSF from subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Four independent cross‐sectional studies are conducted, studies 1–4, including controls (n = 86) and participants with AD (n = 60), PD (n = 15), and PSP (n = 11).

3 Results

The method shows a repeatability and intermediate precision not exceeding 6.1 and 7.9%, respectively. The determined LOD is 0.1 nm and the LOQ range between 0.625 and 80 nm . The CSF ubiquitin concentration is 1.2–1.5‐fold higher in AD patients compared with controls in the three independent AD‐control studies (Study 1, p < 0.001; Study 2, p < 0.001; and Study 3, p = 0.003). In the fourth study, there is no difference in PD or PSP, compared to controls.

4 Conclusion and clinical relevance

CSF ubiquitin may reflect dysfunctional proteostasis in AD. The described method can be used for further exploration of ubiquitin as a potential biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases.     

New telechelic polymers and sequential copolymers by polyfunctionalinitiator-transfer agents (inifers)

The molecular weight of liquid telechelic polyisobutylene-diolefins was extended with the dithiol glycol-dimercaptoacetate in the presence of UV light. The mechanism of this polymerization was studied by model experiments.     

Synthesis of graft copolymers by ring-opening polymerization of 2-nonyl-and 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline initiated by macroinitiators containing benzylchloride functions

Graft copolymers with poly(2-nonyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) graft arms have been synthesized using the "grafting from" method. Slightly branched statistical copolymers of isobutene and (m,p)-chloromethylstyrene, synthesized cationically, as well as linear homo-poly((m,p)-chloromethylstyrene) have been used as macroinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization of the substituted oxazolines. The graft copolymerizations were carried out in bulk and in benzonitrile solutions with and without addition of potassium iodide. The influence of the reaction conditions on the rate of polymerization and the different reactivities of 2-nonyl-2-oxazoline and 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline were discussed. Received: 26 February 1997/Revised: 26 March 1997/Accepted: 14 April 1997     

Combined Protein and Alkaloid Research of Chelidonium majus Latex Reveals CmMLP1 Accompanied by Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Potential to Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells

Chelidonium majus L. is a latex-bearing plant used in traditional folk medicine to treat human papillomavirus (HPV)-caused warts, papillae, and condylomas. Its latex and extracts are rich in many low-molecular compounds and proteins, but there is little or no information on their potential interaction. We describe the isolation and identification of a novel major latex protein (CmMLP1) composed of 147 amino acids and present a model of its structure containing a conserved hydrophobic cavity with high affinity to berberine, 8-hydroxycheleritrine, and dihydroberberine. CmMLP1 and the accompanying three alkaloids were present in the eluted chromatographic fractions of latex. They decreased in vitro viability of human cervical cancer cells (HPV-negative and HPV-positive). We combined, for the first time, research on macromolecular and low-molecular-weight compounds of latex-bearing plants in contrast to other studies that investigated proteins and alkaloids separately. The observed interaction between latex protein and alkaloids may influence our knowledge on plant defense. The proposed toolbox may help in further understanding of plant disease resistance and in pharmacological research.