Sources of variation in regional economies

This paper employs a vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology to examine the role of oil price shocks, defense shocks, national, and local shocks in explaining fluctuations in non-farm employment in a sample of ten states/MSAs in the US in the period 1969–2000. These include a sample of energy rich states and a sample of presumed beneficiaries of defense spending. Existing literature provides mixed evidence on the effects of defense shocks and oil shocks or does not focus on individual states. Results of this paper indicate that oil shocks and defense shocks have more pronounced effects at the local level than they do at the national level. An increase in the price of oil has a fairly large and for the most part statistically significant positive impact on the energy rich states and has a negative and statistically significant impact in the case of the Detroit-Flint MSA. When defense shocks occur they have a sizable impact on local economies that are beneficiaries of defense spending, even though their importance over the whole sample is not always significant. A key policy implication that emerges is that macroeconomic policy at the aggregate level may not be sufficient to uniformly stabilize regional economies that face oil, defense, and local shocks. Furthermore, to the extent that some of these states are linked more to their own local economies rather than to the US economy, they would have to rely more on local stabilization policies when faced with adverse local shocks. Received: November 2001/Accepted: August 2002     

Processing and Characterisation of Epoxy–SiC Functionally Graded Polymer Matrix Composites

This paper proposed preparing and investigating the Epoxy–Silicon carbide composite for aerospace applications. In recent years aerospace industries concentrated in low weight, high strength and high thermal resistance materials. Polymer matrix composite can provide a better solution for the statement mentioned above. This study thermosetting study Epoxy and SiC materials have mixed in centrifugal casting with the ratio of 5%-SiC and resin. The microstructural evaluation is carried by Scanning Electron microscopic and investigating the tensile and hardness properties of the Epoxy– SiC Functionally Graded Polymer Matrix Composites. The wear and fracture analyse were investigated, and the results were discussed. the results show the SiC has provided the higher strength for composite, and its mixing percentage has control the weight of the polymer composite.

     

Joint network-host based malware detection using information-theoretic tools

In this paper, we propose two joint network-host based anomaly detection techniques that detect self-propagating malware in real-time by observing deviations from a behavioral model derived from a benign data profile. The proposed malware detection techniques employ perturbations in the distribution of keystrokes that are used to initiate network sessions. We show that the keystrokes’ entropy increases and the session-keystroke mutual information decreases when an endpoint is compromised by a self-propagating malware. These two types of perturbations are used for real-time malware detection. The proposed malware detection techniques are further compared with three prominent anomaly detectors, namely the maximum entropy detector, the rate limiting detector and the credit-based threshold random walk detector. We show that the proposed detectors provide considerably higher accuracy with almost 100% detection rates and very low false alarm rates.     

In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence on resin‐embedded tissue to identify the components of Nissl substance

It is not clear whether the Nissl substance is present at the axon hillock. To clarify this gap in knowledge, we conducted in situ hybridization (ISH) on mouse brain tissue using 30‐μm cryostat and 1–3‐μm acrylic resin sections. Cryostat and rehydrated resin sections were exposed to digoxygenin‐labeled glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 sense and antisense riboprobes. Consecutive sections from tissue embedded in resin were subjected to the ribosomal protein L26 primary antibody to determine the distribution of the ribo/polysomes. ISH results from the antisense riboprobe in both cryostat and resin‐embedded tissue sections demonstrated an abundance of message in the neurons from the substantia nigra pars reticulate. In addition, the resin sections demonstrated hybridization signal in the axon hillock of some neurons. Immunofluorescence labeling of consecutive sections using an antibody to the most abundant ribosomal protein L26 confirmed their distribution in the cell body and the axon hillock of similar neurons. Compared with the 30‐μm cryostat sections, the most striking feature of ISH in the thinner resin (2–3 μm) sections was that there was a phenomenal improvement in the overall clarity and spatial resolution. Reexamination of the axon hillock when continuous with the cell body in cryostat sections revealed that the same message was also present, except it was overlooked initially because of overlapping cell populations in thick tissue slices. As ribosomes are a component of Nissl substance, we propose that the axon hillock, like other parts of the neuron, does contain Nissl substance. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A method for isolation of karanjin from the expelled cake of Pongamia glabra

Due to the renewed interest in the production of biodiesel from nonconventional oils like karanja (Pongamia glabra), huge quantity of expelled cake will be generated in near future. However, due to the presence of several antinutritional components, expelled karanja cake cannot be used as feed for poultry and livestock. It needs detoxification and the first step during detoxification is the removal of karanjin, the major bioactive constituent. The present study aimed at isolation of karanjin from expelled cake. Accordingly, a simple and scalable process was developed for the isolation of karanjin with purity in the range of 95–97% from the expelled cake of karanja. Different solvents were screened by varying temperature, time, and amount of extracting solvents to extract karanjin from the expelled cake and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was found to be the best among them. DMC extraction of 1.0 kg of expelled cake yielded 3.6 g (0.36% with respect to expelled cake) of karanjin of 97% purity.     

A convex optimization approach for clone detection in wireless sensor networks

When deployed unattended in hostile environments, static and mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to node capture and cloning attacks, where an adversary physically compromises network nodes and extracts all information known to them, including the assigned cryptographic material and the internal states of network protocols. The obtained knowledge is used to disrupt the network by deploying and controlling copies of captured nodes (clones). Recently, a variety of novel clone detection methods have been developed, using concepts such as birthday paradox, sequential detection or random encounters in mobile environments. At present there is no framework to evaluate an individual detection method based on the WSN performance under attack or to compare and choose a method appropriate for a given application. In this paper, we develop an optimization framework for choosing the parameters of a detection method so that the cost of clone detection is minimized. We show that every detection method can be characterized in terms of four costs, namely, the impact of leaving undetected cloned nodes in the network, the cost of revoking nodes falsely identified as compromised, and the costs of communication and storage. A convex combination of these costs defines the cost of clone detection, which is then minimized with respect to the parameters of the detection method. Using this framework, we analyze existing clone detection algorithms and provide efficient methods for obtaining optimal detection parameters.     

Evaluation of rock strength criteria for wellbore stability analysis

Polyaxial strength test data of five rocks are used to examine the Mohr–Coulomb, Drucker–Prager, modified Lade, Mogi–Coulomb and three-dimensional (3D) Hoek–Brown criteria regarding their ability, with parameters determined based on the triaxial compression test data, to represent the rock behavior under polyaxial stress states. Then the five strength criteria, with parameters determined based on the triaxial compression test data, are used to analyze wellbore stability of both vertical and inclined boreholes. The results show that the Mohr–Coulomb criterion under-predicts the polyaxial strength and estimates the highest minimum mud pressure required for wellbore stability while the Drucker–Prager criterion over-predicts the polyaxial strength and estimates the lowest minimum mud pressure. The modified Lade, Mogi–Coulomb and 3D Hoek–Brown criteria, with parameters based on triaxial test data, can either over-predict or under-predict the polyaxial strength. The over-prediction of the modified Lade criterion can be very large, and thus it may be unsafe to use it to estimate the minimum mud pressure. Both the over-prediction and under-prediction are relatively small for the 3D Hoek–Brown and Mogi–Coulomb criteria. Therefore, the 3D Hoek–Brown and Mogi–Coulomb criteria are recommended for wellbore stability analysis.     

Antioxidant efficacy of phytochemical extracts from defatted rice bran in in-vitro model emulsions

Defatted rice bran (DRB) is the byproduct of rice bran oil extraction. On HPLC analysis, methanolic extracts prepared from DRB was found to contain oryzanols (OYL), tocols and ferulic acid (FA). Solvent fractionation was employed to prepare extracts enriched with beneficial phytochemicals from crude methanolic extract (CME). The antioxidant potential of DRB extracts and their phytochemical constituents in emulsified media were evaluated by linoleic acid emulsion system and β‐carotene bleaching test. In linoleic acid model, the activity indexed as percent inhibition values followed the order TBHQ (83.9) > BHT (60.1) > AE‐PP = AE‐LP = OYL = tricin (51.7) > Tmix (48.0) > FA (44.1) > AE (36.0) > CME (29.9) > sterol (22.8) with inhibition percentages at 200 ppm levels given in parentheses. The order for the β‐carotene model was TBHQ (75.2) > BHT (54.1) > OYL = tricin = AE‐LP = AE‐PP (47.2) > Tmix (43.9) > FA (41.0) > AE (29.9) > CME (25.1) > sterol (20.1), with inhibition percentages at 200 ppm levels given in parentheses. The results demonstrated that DRB extracts could be used as antioxidant substitutes in heterogeneous food matrix and could also be used in protecting both linoleic acid and β‐carotene against oxidation. The increase in activity with purification might be due to enhanced levels of antioxidants in purified extracts as compared to CME.