Measurement of density of the gap states ina-Si:H by the normalization of photoconductivity

The spectra of the optical absorption coefficient in low absorption region are obtained by using a normalization procedure for the photoconductivity spectra. The results are explained in terms of the optical transition of electrons from localized states in the exponential valence band tail and in dangling bond states 1.0 eV below the conduction band edge to extended conduction band states. Then the density of the gap states below the Fermi levelE _F is obtained. From the investigation of recombination kinetics, the average density of the gap states over the range of ) and the density of the gap states above the Fermi levelE _F are obtained. These indicate that the width of the conduction band tail is smaller than that of the valence band tail.     

Na+ and/or Cl− Toxicities Determine Salt Sensitivity in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Grain legumes are important crops, but they are salt sensitive. This research dissected the responses of four (sub)tropical grain legumes to ionic components (Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻) of salt stress. Soybean, mungbean, cowpea, and common bean were subjected to NaCl, Na⁺ salts (without Cl⁻), Cl⁻ salts (without Na⁺), and a “high cation” negative control for 57 days. Growth, leaf gas exchange, and tissue ion concentrations were assessed at different growing stages. For soybean, NaCl and Na⁺ salts impaired seed dry mass (30% of control), more so than Cl⁻ salts (60% of control). All treatments impaired mungbean growth, with NaCl and Cl⁻ salt treatments affecting seed dry mass the most (2% of control). For cowpea, NaCl had the greatest adverse impact on seed dry mass (20% of control), while Na⁺ salts and Cl⁻ salts had similar intermediate effects (~45% of control). For common bean, NaCl had the greatest adverse effect on seed dry mass (4% of control), while Na⁺ salts and Cl⁻ salts impaired seed dry mass to a lesser extent (~45% of control). NaCl and Na⁺ salts (without Cl⁻) affected the photosynthesis (P_n) of soybean more than Cl⁻ salts (without Na⁺) (50% of control), while the reverse was true for mungbean. Na⁺ salts (without Cl⁻), Cl⁻ salts (without Na⁺), and NaCl had similar adverse effects on P_n of cowpea and common bean (~70% of control). In conclusion, salt sensitivity is predominantly determined by Na⁺ toxicity in soybean, Cl⁻ toxicity in mungbean, and both Na⁺ and Cl⁻ toxicity in cowpea and common bean.     

配电网故障下的STATCOM运行分析

电网发生故障时,故障电流大,三相功率分配不相等,造成三相相间电压不均衡,影响系统稳定。应用静止同步补偿器（STATCOM）能发出或吸收满足系统要求的有功和无功电流,提高电网运行的安全水平。文章首先分析了故障时电压和电流的各序分量特点,探讨了对称和不对称故障时的系统工作特性。然后通过仿真,设置一个配电网络分别发生单相接地、两相相间短路和三相接地故障时,观察系统的运行情况,进而通过调节STATCOM控制正序基波电流,使STATCOM在故障期间提供一定的有功和无功支持,保持系统电压的稳定,维持系统的安全稳定运行。     

ASAP-MS无损检测技术在靛蓝染纺织品文物鉴定中的应用

大气压固体分析探针离子源-质谱(ASAP-MS)技术是一种新型无损检测方法,可在大气压条件下实现样品的原位离子化,再进行质谱检测.以植物靛蓝染色丝绸为标样,故宫博物院院藏文物木镶铜镀马鞍坐垫的蓝色包边为测试样,分别采用超高效液相色谱-质谱(UHPLC-MS)和ASAP-MS两种方法进行检测.结果表明:在UH-PLC-MS测试时靛蓝染色丝绸样品与马鞍坐垫样品中主要物质的保留时间都在6.60 min左右,于245、285和611 nm处有吸收峰,该物质准分子离子峰([M+H]+)为m/z 263.1,说明两样品中的主要物质均为靛蓝,即马鞍坐垫样品为靛蓝染制物品.ASAP-MS测试也均在两样品中检测到m/z 263.1准分子离子峰,与UHPLC-MS测试结果一致,表明在保护文物完整性基础上,ASAP-MS测试能够对靛蓝染色纺织品进行有效鉴别.     

一种基于风险传播的信息系统风险评估方法

传统信息系统的风险评估方法未考虑节点的状态变化和风险的传播方向,且评估结果的准确性受专家主观性的影响,对此,提出了一种基于风险传播的信息系统风险评估方法.首先,确定节点的初始状态转移概率矩阵,并根据攻击属性对矩阵进行修正,得到节点状态转移概率;其次,基于系统风险传播网络拓扑图和节点属性值计算节点在各方向的传播概率;然后,利用三参数区间数方法获取节点威胁事件的量化值;最后,根据风险评估方法计算各节点的风险值.实验结果表明,基于风险传播方法的评估流程更客观、合理,可提高信息系统风险评估的整体性和准确性.     

城轨地铁用车轴强度计算分析

为了保证某城轨地铁车辆的行车安全,对其车轴强度进行了分析。参照标准EN13103中的材料力学计算方法,选取该车轴的7个截面,计算出各截面的合力矩、应力以及安全系数。结果表明,车轴危险截面位于轮座与刹车盘座圆弧过渡处和刹车盘座与轴身圆弧过渡处,且最大计算应力小于许用应力,满足车轴强度设计要求。     

电力市场下的分布式模型预测负荷频率控制

考虑到在电力市场环境下出现的新市场主体,首先引入配电分配矩阵来模拟市场双边交易行为,在传统负荷频率控制模型的基础上,建立基于配电分配矩阵的负荷频率控制模型.然后针对负荷频率控制模型在区域地理上的分布式特点,采用基于分布式模型预测控制方式进行控制.最后,以一个两区域交直流互联电网负荷频率控制模型为例进行Simulink仿真.结果表明所建立的模型能够有效地模拟市场双边交易过程与C-MPC控制、传统PI控制方式相比,基于分布式模型预测控制方式具有更好的控制性能.     

Review on the effect of heat exchanger tubes on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer of the bubble/slurry reactors

Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR) are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industries. Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process, thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor. Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes. Unfortunately, little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR. The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer, then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR, ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.     

A panoramic view of Li7P3S11 solid electrolytes synthesis,structural aspects and practical challenges for all-solid-state lithium batteries

The development of an inorganic electrochemical stable solid-state electrolyte is essentially responsible for future state-of-the-art all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Because of their advantages in safety, working temperature, high energy density, and packaging, ASSLBs can develop an ideal energy storage system for modern electric vehicles (EVs). A solid electrolyte (SE) model must have an economical synthesis approach, exhibit electrochemical and chemical stability, high ionic conductivity, and low interfacial resistance. Owing to its highest conductivity of 17 mS·cm^-1, and deformability, the sulfide-based Li₇P₃S₁₁ solid electrolyte is a promising contender for the high-performance bulk type of ASSLBs. Herein, we present a current glimpse of the progress of synthetic procedures, structural aspects, and ionic conductivity improvement strategies. Structural elucidation and mechanistic approaches have been extensively discussed by using various characterization techniques. The chemical stability of Li₇P₃S₁₁ could be enhanced via oxide doping, and hard and soft acid/base (HSAB) concepts are also discussed. The issues to be undertaken for designing the ideal solid electrolytes, interfacial challenges, and high energy density have been discoursed. This review aims to provide a bird's eye view of the recent development of Li₇P₃S₁₁-based solid-state electrolyte applications and explore the strategies for designing new solid electrolytes with a target-oriented approach to enhance the efficiency of high energy density all-solid-state lithium batteries.