Intermittent metal cutting at small cutting depths—1. Dead zone phenomena and surface finish

Chip formation in intermittent metal cutting at small cutting depths was investigated by single edge experiments. Single cutting strokes were performed in a modified Charpy pendulum tester which offers force measurement, accurate selection of cutting speed and feed in the ranges typical of many intermittent high speed steel (HSS) tool operations. The pendulum is also provided with an excellent quick-stop mechanism.

The cutting performance of HSS tools in three widely used steel grades (including one plain carbon, one quenched and tempered and one austenitic stainless steel) was studied. A number of double rake micro geometries, with primary rake angles ranging from +20° (parrot bill) to −60°, all with a prepared 0.1 mm wear land were tested. The performance of the different edge geometries was investigated with respect to class of dead zone developed on the cutting edge, and its relation to chip curl and finish of the cut surface. The results are visualized in a dead zone map. The influence of cutting length, cutting speed, cutting depth and TiN-coating was treated specifically.

Among the most important observations were:

• the micro geometry of the edge influences the dead zone formation mechanism and hence the class of dead zone,

• the surface finish is strongly dead zone class dependent,

• the chip curl is determined by edge micro geometry and dead zone class.

The relationships between the varied parameters, generated dead zones and resulting cutting forces are presented in part 2 of this paper.     

Comparison Of Volatile Organic Compounds From Processed Paper And Toners From Office Copiers And Printers: Methods,Emission Rates,And Modeled Concentrations

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from nine toner powders and eleven types of processed paper from photocopying machines (6), laser (3) and matrix printers (21, and one carbonless copy fm has been measured. A total of 61 VOC from toner powders were identified by heating (185 °C) the powder for three minutes for thermal desorption and by gas chromatography followed by the use of low and high resolution EI and CI mass spectrometry. VOC from processed paper were analyzed by headspace sampling on Tenax TA from nylon bags. Thirty-one VOC with a wide range of volatility and persistency were identified from processed paper. The total VOC emission from the various types of paper differed substantially. Using the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), the calculated initial emission rate of styrene was 5 μg m^?2h^?1 from a freshly processed paper The VOC emission from machines and the processed paper can be reduced by proper choice of o m e equipment. However, an evaluation should consider all potential pollutants.     

Focal adherence in brief dynamic psychotherapy: A comparison of findings from two independent studies.

Findings from 2 independent studies of brief dynamic psychotherapy in Edmonton and Oslo are compared. 43 patients in Oslo and 64 in Edmonton were studied. Both studies indicate that the relationships between specific techniques and outcome are different (and opposite) according to whether patients belong to high or low quality of interpersonal relationships (QOR) subsamples. Focal adherence or correspondence is modestly associated with positive outcome within the high QOR subsamples and substantially associated with negative outcome within the low QOR subsamples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of methods for linear prediction of apple flavour from gas chromatographic measurements

A comparative study of linear methods for prediction of sensory profiles from gas chromatography (GC) measurements was performed. The data used came from an experiment on the effect of storing apples at various oxygen concentrations. Partial least-squares regression and continuum regression showed the best performance, measured by a two-step cross-validation principle. The traditional prediction error sum of squares (PRESS) overestimated the predictive ability of a multiple linear regression approach. The quality of the predictions of sensory properties from GC analyses was measured in terms of a ‘panel size equivalent’. Thus, the predictions obtained in the present study were as accurate as predictions from an assessor panel consisting of 4–9 assessors, depending on the sensory property in question.     

Effect of food deprivation on perception-cognition.

9 experiments designed to investigate the effect of food deprivation on perceptual-cognitive processes are examined in detail. An effect is revealed in only some of these experiments. The deviating results are explained by assuming that motivational state will not affect perceptual-cognitive processes unless the material presented is meaningful in relation to the motivational state. Examination of operational definitions indicate that: (1) the processes studied may be more meaningfully termed imaginary than perceptual, and (2) the motivational state of hunger may rest on the expectancy of the Ss as to when they may next receive food, rather than hr. of food deprivation. (28 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Shear test for thermoplastic polymers

A shear test is proposed as a complement to the tensile test in order to characterize the short time mechanical behavior of thermoplastic polymers. The proposed test geometry makes the test easy to perform and to evaluate and gives relevant information about anisotropy, plastic deformation, crack initiation, and propagation properties. Three different materials have been tested and the results are discussed.