Exploration and exploitation in project-based organizations: Development and diffusion of knowledge at different organizational levels in construction companies

Management studies highlight the importance of an organization's capability to both exploit existing knowledge and technologies for short-term profits and also explore new knowledge and technologies to enhance long-term innovation. Although this paradox recently has received escalating interest in management research, studies dealing with project-levels and project-based organizations (PBOs) are scarce. This conceptual paper discusses how PBOs in the construction industry can manage the exploration/exploitation paradox at different organizational levels. Short-term project focus and decentralization inhibits learning from one point in time and space to another, making it easier to reap the benefits of exploitation than of exploration. Current structural and sequential separation of exploration and exploitation activities at business unit, project portfolio, and project levels do not solve the paradox, due to lack of integrating mechanisms. Hence, PBOs in the construction industry may suffer from inadequate extent of exploration, while the extent of exploitation is not reaching its potential. Cooperative procurement procedures can serve as a basis for facilitating both exploration and exploitation of knowledge and technologies in construction projects.     

食品香料发展趋势及挑战

食品香料是一类非常重要的食品添加剂,占整个食品添加剂市场的四分之一以上。近些年食品香料的发展受到诸多因素的影响,主要分为技术层面和社会层面两个方面,前者包括分离提取技术、仪器分析技术、生物技术等,而后者包括消费者的心理需求、可持续发展要求等。在这些因素的影响下,化学性质相对活泼、在食品中天然含量低、阈值低而特征性强的高影响力的含硫香料成为食品香料中快速发展的一类重要香料,而天然香料市场也稳步扩大。该文对这两类香料的发展情况进行了简要的介绍和分析。     

几种钢材表面的少酸化除鳞设备

长期以来多采用酸洗技术对热轧板、卷和浸镀件等表面进行除鳞处理,这一方面会降低产品的表面质量和性能;另一方面会对操作人员和设备造成损害且污染环境。随着国家对环境保护的重视,国内外均对除鳞工艺进行了研究,探索最新的技术和工艺。综合以往的研究,介绍了几种钢材表面的少酸除鳞技术,以及SCS、EPS、GSPS无酸除鳞技术,指出除鳞工艺的发展方向为少酸或无酸的机械式处理工艺和以磷酸代替盐酸的新工艺。     

配焦粉炼焦的焦炭冷、热态性能研究

配加焦粉炼焦的焦粉细度、配量对焦炭质量，尤其焦炭的热态性能的影响，进行了试验分析，明确了焦粉细度和配量的变化对焦炭质量的影响趋势，更好的指导配焦粉炼焦的生产。     

Evaluation of Gene Expression Knock-Down by Chemically and Structurally Modified Gapmer Antisense Oligonucleotides

We analyzed the effect of modified nucleotides within gapmer antisense oligonucleotides on RNase H mediated gene silencing. Additionally, short hairpins were introduced into antisense oligonucleotides as structural motifs, and their influence on biological and physicochemical properties of pre-structured gapmers was investigated for the first time. The results indicate that two LNA residues in specified positions of the gap flanking regions are sufficient and favorable for efficient knock-down of the β-actin gene. Furthermore, the introduction of other modified nucleotides, i. e. glycyl-amino-LNA−T, 2′-O-propagyluridine, polyamine functionalized uridine, and UNA, in specified positions, also increases the inhibition of β-actin expression. Importantly, the presence of hairpins within the gapmers improves their silencing properties.     

Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Norway Spruce TMP: The Effect of an Extended pH Range when Catalyzed by Free Ferrous and Free or EDG/EDTA-Chelated Ferric Ions

The influence of different types of iron salts (i.e., ferrous or ferric cations with sulphate, nitrate or chloride anions) on the reaction between coarse thermomechanical pulp and acid hydrogen peroxide (Fenton chemistry) was studied when the initial pH was 3.2 and 5.3. Also, ferric ions chelated with EDTA or EDG at different molar ratios were compared with ferrous sulphate when the initial pH was extended from about 3 to 8. Different anions of ferric ion salt gave a similar catalytic effect. At an initial pH of 7–8, the ferric-EDTA catalyzed reaction resulted in similar or higher hydrogen peroxide consumption and more detectable hydroxyl radicals than the ferrous sulphate catalyzed reaction, but less reaction with the pulp was indicated. Between pH 5–8, using Fe-EDG as a catalyst gave higher hydrogen peroxide consumption and more detectable hydroxyl radicals than if using ferrous sulphate; however, the measured effect on the pulp was similar or less.     

氧化沟脱氮除磷强化途径

针对氧化沟脱氮除磷过程特点,分析了氧化沟脱氮除磷强化过程,探讨了氧化沟脱氮除磷适宜环境条件,从如下四个方面提出了改善氧化沟脱氮除磷性能的途径和方法:(1)安排合适的曝气器、进水口、出水口、回流口位置,将氧化沟反应区段构建成倒置A2/O脱氮除磷工艺;(2)将氧化沟设计成立面水流循环的形式,尽可能在沟渠内构建一个较严格的厌氧区段;(3)确定适当的供氧量,避免供氧量不足造成氨氮硝化与吸磷不充分;避免供氧过度导致碳源被大量消耗影响反硝化、溶解氧浓度偏高影响厌氧释磷;(4)确定适宜的氧化沟水力工作条件、供氧方式。     

Effect of the Degree of Phosphorylation on the Crystallinity of Native Potato Starch

X-ray diffraction technique, combined with digital image processing was used to compare the crystallinity of native starch from a number of potato varieties, differing in the degree of phosphorylation. The crystallinity was found to decrease linearily with an increased degree of phosphorylation. Based on earlier observations of the gelatinization enthalpies, it was assumed that the C-6 phosphates, which have an orientation out of the α-helices disturb the crystallization of the amylopectin during the starch synthesis. The C-3 phosphates, which are located in the interior parts of the α-helices, are not believed to interfere with the crystal structure.