全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23711篇 |
免费 | 802篇 |
国内免费 | 83篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 299篇 |
综合类 | 44篇 |
化学工业 | 5222篇 |
金属工艺 | 485篇 |
机械仪表 | 480篇 |
建筑科学 | 1739篇 |
矿业工程 | 164篇 |
能源动力 | 692篇 |
轻工业 | 2239篇 |
水利工程 | 191篇 |
石油天然气 | 56篇 |
武器工业 | 1篇 |
无线电 | 1595篇 |
一般工业技术 | 4295篇 |
冶金工业 | 2995篇 |
原子能技术 | 159篇 |
自动化技术 | 3940篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 155篇 |
2022年 | 311篇 |
2021年 | 535篇 |
2020年 | 315篇 |
2019年 | 335篇 |
2018年 | 505篇 |
2017年 | 428篇 |
2016年 | 545篇 |
2015年 | 481篇 |
2014年 | 706篇 |
2013年 | 1521篇 |
2012年 | 1110篇 |
2011年 | 1545篇 |
2010年 | 1105篇 |
2009年 | 1072篇 |
2008年 | 1286篇 |
2007年 | 1133篇 |
2006年 | 968篇 |
2005年 | 889篇 |
2004年 | 796篇 |
2003年 | 702篇 |
2002年 | 690篇 |
2001年 | 419篇 |
2000年 | 395篇 |
1999年 | 438篇 |
1998年 | 482篇 |
1997年 | 416篇 |
1996年 | 374篇 |
1995年 | 324篇 |
1994年 | 316篇 |
1993年 | 320篇 |
1992年 | 260篇 |
1991年 | 229篇 |
1990年 | 219篇 |
1989年 | 247篇 |
1988年 | 197篇 |
1987年 | 186篇 |
1986年 | 180篇 |
1985年 | 244篇 |
1984年 | 222篇 |
1983年 | 187篇 |
1982年 | 176篇 |
1981年 | 202篇 |
1980年 | 134篇 |
1979年 | 162篇 |
1978年 | 154篇 |
1977年 | 137篇 |
1976年 | 149篇 |
1975年 | 129篇 |
1974年 | 113篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Interest in advanced modulation formats for optical communication systems has so far experienced two major waves. The first one was motivated by the potential to enhance receiver sensitivity of thermal noise-limited systems using coherent detection in combination with phase shift keying. It ended with the advent of optical amplification, enabling high sensitivities together with polarization insensitive, simple and stable direct detection. The second wave is still rolling, fueled by the potential of advanced modulation formats to increase robustness of optical transmission systems against signal distortions. Due to performance limitations given by direct detection and nonlinear effects in the transmission fiber, it is not decided yet, whether there will be widespread application in carrier networks. 相似文献
42.
This paper deals with the problem of finding graph layerings restricted to a given maximal width. However, other than previous approaches for width-restricted layering, we take into account the space for dummy nodes, which are introduced by edges crossing a layer. The main result is that the problem of finding a width-restricted layering under consideration of dummy nodes is NP-complete even when all regular nodes have the same constant width and all dummy nodes have the same constant width. 相似文献
43.
Jennifer G. Winter M. Catherine Eimers Peter J. Dillon Lem D. Scott Wolfgang A. Scheider Campbell C. Willox 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(2):381-396
Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue. 相似文献
44.
Aus Betriebsergebnissen bei der Pfannenentschwefelung ist ein negativer Einfluß oxidierender Gasphasen bekannt. Daher war es das Ziel der eigenen Untersuchungen in einer geeigneten Apparatur die Wirkung oxidierender Bedingungen in der Gasphase sowohl auf den Verlauf des Schwefelabbaues in der Schlacke als auch des Schwefeltransportes aus dem Roheisen in die Schlacke zu untersuchen. Oxidierende Gasphasen erwirken bei der Pfannenentschwefelung an der Phasengrenze Schlacke/Gas eine Oxidation des Schwefels aus der Schlacke, ohne jedoch bei ruhender Schlackenschicht ein Oxidationspotential in der Schlacke aufzubauen, das bis zur Phasengrenze Roheisen/Schlacke durchgreift und dort die Entschwefelung des Roheisens durch die Siliciumgehalte stört. Sowohl die Entschwefelung des Roheisens als auch die Oxidation des Schwefels aus der Schlacke werden durch höhere Temperaturen und durch eine Rührwirkung gefördert. Der Schwefeltransport wird bei den ungerührten wie bei den gerührten Schmelzen durch Diffusionsvorgänge gesteuert und auch hier durch steigende Temperaturen und rührende Kräfte begünstigt. 相似文献
45.
Peter Su Adrian Gerlich Motomichi Yamamoto Thomas H. North 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(24):9954-9965
The formation of local melted films during friction stir spot welding of as-cast AZ91D and thixomolded AZ91 material is investigated.
The average temperatures close to the tip of the rotating pin vary from 438 to 454 °C during the dwell period in friction
stir spot welding. These measured temperature values are higher than the melting temperature of α-Mg + Mg17Al12 eutectic (437 °C). It is suggested that the temperature in the stir zone during the dwell period is determined by the relative
proportions of α-Mg and (α-Mg + Mg17Al12) eutectic material, which are incorporated during friction stir spot welding. Based on the stir zone temperature measurements
and a detailed examination of material located at the root of the pin thread it is suggested that material is moved downwards
via the pin thread and into the stir zone during the dwell period in friction stir spot welding. Evidence of local melted
film formation is observed in the stir zone of AZ91 spot welds. It is suggested that melted films are retained since their
dissolution rate is much slower in the high temperature stir zone than it is when melted films is formed in the stir zone
during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding. The spontaneous melting temperature, solute diffusion rate and the thermodynamic
driving force for droplet dissolution are much higher during Al 7075-T6 friction stir spot welding. 相似文献
46.
Peter Eaton Andrea Ragusa Caroline Clavel Cristina T Rojas Paul Graham Raúl V Durán Soledad Penadés 《IEEE transactions on nanobioscience》2007,6(4):309-318
Glyconanoparticles which present carbohydrate and amino groups motifs at their surface were produced. These particles were highly stable and soluble in aqueous solutions. The presence of the carbohydrate groups also allowed the inclusion of more strongly binding groups, without affecting solubility. The binding of a model DNA, plasmid by these nanoparticles was studied by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and gel electrophoresis. Significant differences between the nanoparticles based on their affinities for the DNA were found, with implications for their potential use as nonviral gene delivery agents. 相似文献
47.
What are the key elements of a sustainable university? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nowadays, the principles of sustainable development are becoming increasingly important and universities are acting as agents
in promoting these principles within society. In the future, universities will inevitably play crucial role in propagating
these principles. This paper highlights important documents and discusses definitions of the term education for sustainable development. Elements, based on continuous feedback loop (Deming spiral) are discussed, in order to incorporate sustainability principles
into university activities. The University of Maribor has been used as a case study to test the effectiveness of the proposed
integration of sustainable development principles. 相似文献
48.
The exact magnetization pattern of magnetic films close to a spin-reorientation transition is difficult to analyze due to the intrinsically three-dimensional (3d) variation of the orientation of the local magnetization. We present a technique how this can be performed, based on the analysis of high quality 2d polarization maps from a single scanning electron microscope with polarization analysis (SEMPA) measurement with tilted sample. The key tool is the statistical distribution of all occurring polarization doublets, visualized in a 2d histogram plot. From the shape of the distribution the type of transition—canted-phase, or coexisting phases—can be inferred. For the canted-phase state, the canting angle can be accurately determined from geometrical considerations. With help of the histogram the image data can be analyzed and the three components of the magnetization can be calculated for most points of the image. For a Co/Pt multilayer film we found a cone state. The magnetization forms a complex pattern consisting of out-of-plane domains while the in-plane magnetization shows a maze pattern. 相似文献
49.
The authors used visual search tasks in which components of the classic flanker task (B. A. Eriksen & C. W. Eriksen, 1974) were introduced. In several experiments the authors obtained evidence of parallel search for a target among distractor elements. Therefore, 2-stage models of visual search predict no effect of the identity of those distractors. However, clear compatibility effects of the distractors were obtained: Responses were faster when the distractors were compatible with the response than when they were incompatible. These results show that even in parallel search tasks identity information is extracted from the distractors. In addition, alternative interpretations of the results in terms of the occasional identification of a distractor before or after the target was identified could be ruled out. The results showed that flat search slopes obtained in visual search experiments provide no benchmark for preattentive processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
50.
Perkins Kenneth A.; Ciccocioppo Melinda; Jacobs Lynette; Doyle Todd; Caggiula Anthony 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,11(4):269
Nonpharmacological cues associated with drug intake may influence subjective and reinforcing effects of those drugs. Social drinkers (N = 80) participated in 2 sessions in which they rated and then consumed ad lib their preferred beer (with participants blind to brand). Visual and olfactory stimuli were obscured during 1 session (blocked) and not obscured during the other (unblocked). Dependent measures included ratings of "liking", "want another", and "desire to drink"; subjective mood; and ad lib beer consumption (reinforcement). Most ratings and ad lib consumption were lower during the blocked versus the unblocked condition. There were no interactions of blockade condition with sex and no effect of blockade on mood. These findings show that nonpharmacological stimuli associated with alcohol consumption influence alcohol's subjective and reinforcing effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献