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31.
As technology evolves, it is now feasible to implement sophisticated adaptive routing schemes on networks which support different kinds of services with heterogeneous bandwidth characteristics. Adaptive routing can increase the network throughput by routing calls to less congested paths. It can also be used to bypass transmission facility failures. In this paper, we analyze and compare two adaptive routing schemes. The first is called theMaximum mean time to blocking (MTB) routing which is based on themean time to blocking measure of a link. This measure captures the traffic rates, bandwidth characteristic and link capacity information and reflects more accurately the congestion status of different paths. The second is theM
2 routing, which is a modification of the least loaded routing (LLR). Aggregation of link status information can significantly reduce signalling traffic. We show in this paper that with properly designed aggregation, the aggregatedM
2 and MTB routings can have performance that approach that of the non-aggregated schemes. The use of complete sharing and restricted access policies together with trunk reservation control in multirate loss networks are also studied. 相似文献
32.
33.
Michael E. G. Ferguson Peter L. Spedding 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1995,63(3):262-278
Experimental data for air–water two-phase co-current flow in two different pipe diameters were used to test the prediction of pressure drop by a number of existing theories and correlations. Several models are shown to be useful for prediction, particularly with the stratified regimes which have proved difficult to handle in the past. The model suggested by Olujic proved to be of particular value. 相似文献
34.
N. M. Agh-Atabay W. Edward Lindsell Peter N. Preston Peter J. Tomb 《Polymer International》1993,31(4):367-374
Symmetrically substituted 1,3-diynes containing hydroxyalkyl ( 1a-d ), bromoalkyl ( 1e-h ) (diphenylphosphinyl) ( 1i-k ) and carboxyalkyl ( 2a-d ) substituents have been prepared and characterised; the phosphine derivative ( 1k ) has been converted with alkyl iodides ( RI ; R = Me, Et) into bis(phosphonium) salts ( 1l and m ). During preparation of the diynedioic acid. ( 2a ), the non-centrosymmetrical diyne, HO2CCH2C?C—C?C(CH2)2OH ( 3 ), was also isolated. 60Co γ-Irradiation of diacetylene monomers ( 2a – d ) and 10,12-tricosadiyn-1-oic acid gave the corresponding polydiacetylene derivatives ( 4a – d and 5 ), respectively. Rubidium salts of ( 4c ) and ( 4d ), a barium salt of ( 4c ), and a potassium salt of ( 5 ) were prepared and isolated; soluble potassium salts of the carboxylic acid polymers ( 4 ) were generated in aqueous solution. The effects of changes in pH on the UV/visible absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of selected carboxylic acid polydiacetylenes have been recorded, and are discussed. 相似文献
35.
The general mixed μ problem has been shown to be NP hard, so that the exact solution of the general problem is computationally intractable, except for small problems. In this paper we consider not the general problem, but a particular special case of this problem, the rank one mixed μ problem. We show that for this case the mixed μ problem is equivalent to its upper bound (which is convex), and it can in fact be computed easily (and exactly). This special case is shown to be equivalent to the so-called ‘affine parameter variation’ problem (for a polynomial with perturbed coefficients) which has been examined in detail in the literature, and for which several celebrated ‘Kharitonov-type’ results have been proven. 相似文献
36.
Remote sensing of species mixtures in conifer plantations using LiDAR height and intensity data 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Daniel N.M. Donoghue Peter J. Watt Nicholas J. Cox Jimmy Wilson 《Remote sensing of environment》2007,110(4):509-522
In even-aged, single species conifer plantations LiDAR height data can be modelled to provide accurate estimates of tree height and volume. However, it is apparent that growth models developed for single species stands are not directly transferable to a more general situation of mixed species plantations. This paper evaluates the ability of small footprint, dual-return, pulsed airborne LiDAR data to estimate the proportion of the productive species when mixed with a nurse crop in closed canopy plantations. A study area located in Galloway Forest District in Scotland is used as an example of Lodgepole pine and Sitka spruce mixed plantation; this area contains good examples of a wide range of pure and mixed species plantation types. Three species groups are studied: areas of pure Sitka spruce, areas of pure Lodgepole pine and areas where the two species have been planted together. Two approaches are assessed for detection of plantation mixtures: the first uses LiDAR intensity data to separate spruce and pine species and the second uses LiDAR-derived canopy density measures, coefficient of variation, skewness, percent of ground returns (which provides a measure of canopy openness) and the mean canopy height, which enables areas with height variations to be identified. From analysis of LiDAR data extracted from 54 study plots using logistic regression, the coefficient of variation and LiDAR intensity data provide the most useful predictors of the proportion of spruce in a pine/spruce mixture with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.914 and 0.930 respectively. The method could be developed as a mapping tool, which in combination with existing inventory data should help to improve timber volume forecasting for mixed species even-aged plantations. 相似文献
37.
Interest in advanced modulation formats for optical communication systems has so far experienced two major waves. The first one was motivated by the potential to enhance receiver sensitivity of thermal noise-limited systems using coherent detection in combination with phase shift keying. It ended with the advent of optical amplification, enabling high sensitivities together with polarization insensitive, simple and stable direct detection. The second wave is still rolling, fueled by the potential of advanced modulation formats to increase robustness of optical transmission systems against signal distortions. Due to performance limitations given by direct detection and nonlinear effects in the transmission fiber, it is not decided yet, whether there will be widespread application in carrier networks. 相似文献
38.
This paper deals with the problem of finding graph layerings restricted to a given maximal width. However, other than previous approaches for width-restricted layering, we take into account the space for dummy nodes, which are introduced by edges crossing a layer. The main result is that the problem of finding a width-restricted layering under consideration of dummy nodes is NP-complete even when all regular nodes have the same constant width and all dummy nodes have the same constant width. 相似文献
39.
Jennifer G. Winter M. Catherine Eimers Peter J. Dillon Lem D. Scott Wolfgang A. Scheider Campbell C. Willox 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(2):381-396
Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue. 相似文献
40.
Aus Betriebsergebnissen bei der Pfannenentschwefelung ist ein negativer Einfluß oxidierender Gasphasen bekannt. Daher war es das Ziel der eigenen Untersuchungen in einer geeigneten Apparatur die Wirkung oxidierender Bedingungen in der Gasphase sowohl auf den Verlauf des Schwefelabbaues in der Schlacke als auch des Schwefeltransportes aus dem Roheisen in die Schlacke zu untersuchen. Oxidierende Gasphasen erwirken bei der Pfannenentschwefelung an der Phasengrenze Schlacke/Gas eine Oxidation des Schwefels aus der Schlacke, ohne jedoch bei ruhender Schlackenschicht ein Oxidationspotential in der Schlacke aufzubauen, das bis zur Phasengrenze Roheisen/Schlacke durchgreift und dort die Entschwefelung des Roheisens durch die Siliciumgehalte stört. Sowohl die Entschwefelung des Roheisens als auch die Oxidation des Schwefels aus der Schlacke werden durch höhere Temperaturen und durch eine Rührwirkung gefördert. Der Schwefeltransport wird bei den ungerührten wie bei den gerührten Schmelzen durch Diffusionsvorgänge gesteuert und auch hier durch steigende Temperaturen und rührende Kräfte begünstigt. 相似文献