Aminos?uren des Branntweinessigs I. Mitteilung Nachweis der Aminos?uren im Branntweinessig und in Essigbakterien

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit dem Nachweis von Aminosäuren in Branntweinessig und in Essigbakterien. Zu Beginn erfolgt eine kurze Besprechung der bisher bekannten Literatur, der sich eine Darstellung unserer Untersuchungen anschließt.In einem aus genau bekannten, eiweiß- und aminosäurefreien Ausgangsstoffen hergestellten Branntweinessig konnten papierchromatographisch 18 Aminosäuren (Alanin, Arginin, Asparaginsäure,-Aminobuttersäure, Cystin, Glutaminsäure, Glykokoll, Histidin, Isoleucin, Leucin, Lysin, Methionin, Phenylalanin, Prolin, Serin, Threonin, Tyrosin und Valin) nachgewiesen werden. Der Essig wurde zur Verhinderung der Maillard-Reaktion bei < 1 mm Hg konzentriert und die Aminosäuren mittels einer Ionenaustauschermethode (Adsorption an einem Kationen-, dann an einem Anionen-Austauscher) von den in großem überschuß vorhandenen Begleitstoffen abgetrennt. Alle gefundenen Aminosäuren, mit Ausnahme der-Aminobuttersäure konnten auch in den zur Herstellung des Essigs verwendeten Submers-Essigbakterien — nachFrateur zur Xylinum- bzw. Suboxydans-Gruppe gehörend — ebenso wie in Orléans-Bakterien nachgewiesen werden. Die Entstehung der-Aminobuttersäure im Branntweinessig wird diskutiert.Bei elektrophoretischen Untersuchungen ergaben sich Hinweise auf die Natur der fluorescierenden Stoffe im Gärungsessig als Nucleinsäure-Spaltprodukte oder Flavine.     

Tracer diffusivity of O18 in CaO-SiO2 melts at 1600 °C

The tracer diffusivity of O¹⁸ was measured in CaO-SiO₂ melts at 1600 °C. The capillary technique was used in the diffusion experiments. Afterwards the samples were exposed to proton bombardment in a compact cyclotron. The O¹⁸ is transformed in this treatment to radioactive F¹⁸, and the concentration profile is determined by measuring the β⁺ radiation of this isotope. The diffusivities obtained decrease with increasing silica content and are of the same magnitude, within experimental error, as those determined previously for silicon.     

Pharmacological consequences of nicotinergic plus serotonergic manipulations

The present study investigates the effects of concurrent manipulations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nicotinic cholinergic agonist: nicotine 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, nicotinic cholinergic antagonist: mecamylamine 7.5 mg/kg) and serotonin neurons (p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), 400/kg mg on each of 3 days) on spatial navigation (water maze, WM) and passive avoidance (PA) performance. Nicotine did not affect PA performance but at the highest dose slightly impaired WM performance. PCPA did not affect WM navigation or PA performance in saline or nicotine-treated rats. Nicotine restored WM and PA performance defect in mecamylamine pretreated rats. PCPA aggravated the WM defect and decreased the WM performance-improving effect of nicotine in mecamylamine pretreated rats. PCPA did not aggravate the PA performance defect of mecamylamine but completely blocked the PA performance-improving effect of nicotine in mecamylamine pretreated rats. These results suggest that serotonergic and nicotinergic cholinergic systems jointly modulate performance in WM and PA tests.     

Diagnosing diabetic nephropathy by 1H NMR metabonomics of serum

Object: The most severe complication of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is diabetic nephropathy. It is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular complications and premature death and requires early detection to be efficiently treated. The clinical practice to diagnose diabetic nephropathy is also a non-optimal and tedious set up based on albumin excretion rate in multiple overnight or 24h urine samples. Conversely, in this study, these independent diagnostic data are used to provide a realistic testing case for applying ¹H NMR metabonomics of serum in a diagnostic fashion. Materials and Methods: 182 T1DM and 21 non-diabetic (non-T1DM) individuals were studied. The ¹H NMR of serum at 500 MHz was targeted at two molecular windows: lipoprotein lipids and low-molecular-weight metabolites. Results: T1DM and non-T1DM individuals were exclusively separated by ¹H NMR. For diabetic nephropathy diagnosis in the T1DM patients, ¹H NMR data (and clinical biochemistry data) gave a sensitivity of 87.1% (83.9%) and a specificity of 87.7% (95.9%). The predictive values of positive and negative tests were 89.0% (95.5%) and 83.6% (79.2%), respectively. Conclusions: ¹H NMR metabonomics clearly distinguishes metabolic characteristics of T1DM and appears approximately as good a means to diagnose diabetic nephropathy from serum as an advanced set of biochemical variables.     

Electrical impedance tomography problem with inaccurately known boundary and contact impedances

In electrical impedance tomography (EIT) electric currents are injected into a body with unknown electromagnetic properties through a set of contact electrodes at the boundary of the body. The resulting voltages are measured on the same electrodes and the objective is to reconstruct the unknown conductivity function inside the body based on these data. All the traditional approaches to the reconstruction problem assume that the boundary of the body and the electrode-skin contact impedances are known a priori. However, in clinical experiments one usually lacks the exact knowledge of the boundary and contact impedances, and therefore, approximate model domain and contact impedances have to be used in the image reconstruction. However, it has been noticed that even small errors in the shape of the computation domain or contact impedances can cause large systematic artefacts in the reconstructed images, leading to loss of diagnostically relevant information. In a recent paper (Kolehmainen , 2006), we showed how in the 2-D case the errors induced by the inaccurately known boundary can be eliminated as part of the image reconstruction and introduced a novel method for finding a deformed image of the original isotropic conductivity using the theory of TeichmÜller mappings. In this paper, the theory and reconstruction method are extended to include the estimation of unknown contact impedances. The method is implemented numerically and tested with experimental EIT data. The results show that the systematic errors caused by inaccurately known boundary and contact impedances can efficiently be eliminated by the reconstruction method.      

冲击干燥提高效率和产能

对美卓造纸机械的冲击干燥装置进行了简述。将冲击干燥与传统干燥的蒸发效率进行了比较,对比结果表明了冲击干燥装置的优越性。     

Graded replacement of corn grain with molassed sugar beet pulp modulates the fecal microbial community and hindgut fermentation profile in lactating dairy cows

High starch lactation diets not only enhance the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis but also of hindgut acidosis, which increases the risk of dysbiosis and the depression of fiber degradation. We recently showed that replacing corn with molassed sugar beet pulp (Bp) improved fiber degradation in high-producing dairy cattle, possibly because of an improvement of rumen and hindgut conditions for microbes by Bp feeding. However, little is known about the effects of high inclusion rates of Bp on hindgut microbes and fermentation. Thus fecal grab samples were taken from 18 high-yielding Simmental cows after 28 d of feeding 3 different levels of Bp (n = 6) for bacterial 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. In addition, the reticular pH was continuously monitored with indwelling sensors and eating and ruminating behavior was evaluated with noseband sensors. The Bp inclusion rates were 0 g/kg (i.e., no Bp inclusion as control, CON), 120 g/kg (12Bp), or 240 g/kg (24Bp) replacing corn grain and limestone on a dry matter basis. The amount of time spent eating and ruminating was unaffected by Bp level, and the daily fluctuation in the reticular pH was reduced by 25% with Bp inclusion from 0.8 in the CON diet to 0.6 in 24Bp fed animals. Also, the fecal pH tended to increase with dietary Bp inclusion. Fecal acetate production showed a quadratic tendency with the lowest concentration (58.9%) of the total short-chain fatty acid in the 12Bp treatment. Inclusion of Bp up to 24% of the diet decreased the fecal butyrate proportion by 27%. The Shannon diversity index was increased from 5.50 to 8.09 with dietary Bp inclusion indicating increased species diversity. Of the 200 most abundant operational taxonomic units, 25 were increased by dietary Bp inclusion, whereas 15 were decreased and 7 were quadratically affected. The second most abundant group was proposed taxon “CF231” of the family Paraprevotellaceae. Although it accounted for only 2.52% of the operational taxonomic units in the CON diet, it was increased by 64% with dietary Bp inclusion. The largest relative change in the abundance was found for the genus Fibrobacter that increased more than 14-fold from 0.04% (CON) to 0.66% (24Bp). In conclusion, feeding molassed sugar beet pulp as partial substitution of corn up to 240 g/kg is a viable alternative that promotes ruminal and hindgut fermentation by supporting physiological pH and bacterial diversity.     

What company characteristics are associated with the adoption of social media?

ABSTRACT

In just one decade, social media have moved from being marginal phenomena to having three billion active monthly users globally in 2017. We use a large representative sample to study which company characteristics are associated with the early adoption of social media. Our findings suggest that digital orientation (outside social media), innovativeness, external collaboration in marketing and sales, and orientation towards consumer markets all increase a company’s probability of adopting social media. In addition, larger and younger companies are more likely to be early movers. Overall, business use of social media has only reached its early maturity; thus, it still has plenty of room to grow.     

Trace element distributions between matte and slag in direct nickel matte smelting

ABSTRACT

Behaviour of trace elements in the nickel matte smelting was studied at 1673 K (1400°C) by equilibration-quenching techniques followed by direct phase analyses using electron probe X-ray microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The matte-slag samples at silica saturation were equilibrated with SO₂-CO-CO₂-Ar mixtures of fixed p_SO2, p_S2 and p_O2 in order to obtain a pre-determined oxidation degree for the sulphide matte, and thus to generate a targeted iron concentration of the nickel-copper–iron sulphide matte (Ni:Cu = 5, w/w), depending on the slag chemistry. The slag composition was varied from 0 to 2 wt-% K₂O and 0–10 wt-% MgO in silica saturation. The studied trace elements were Co, Ge, Pb, Se and Sn, but also the matte-to-slag distributions of the slag forming fluxing components Mg (MgO) and Si (SiO₂) were determined experimentally. Selenium was the only trace element studied which strongly enriched in the low-iron nickel mattes, and the deportment became larger when the sulphide matte depleted with iron. All the other trace elements behaved in the opposite way.