Functional Expression of TRPV1 Ion Channel in the Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

TRPV1, known as a capsaicin receptor, is the best-described transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel. Recently, it was shown to be expressed by non-excitable cells such as lymphocytes. However, the data regarding the functional expression of the TRPV1 channel in the immune cells are often contradictory. In the present study, we performed a phylogenetical analysis of the canine TRP ion channels, we assessed the expression of TRPV1 in the canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by qPCR and Western blot, and we determined the functionality of TRPV1 by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium assay. We found high expression of TRPV2, -M2, and -M7 in the canine PBMCs, while expression of TRPV1, -V4 and, -M5 was relatively low. We confirmed that TRPV1 is expressed on the protein level in the PBMC and it localizes in the plasma membrane. The whole-cell patch-clamp recording revealed that capsaicin application caused a significant increase in the current density. Similarly, the results from the calcium assay show a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium level in the presence of capsaicin that was partially abolished by capsazepine. Our study confirms the expression of TRPV1 ion channel on both mRNA and protein levels in the canine PBMC and indicates that the ion channel is functional.     

Laminar-turbulent transition tripped by step on transonic compressor profile

The shock wave boundary layer interaction on the suction side of transonic compressor blade is one of the main objectives of TFAST project (Transition Location Effect on Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction). The experimental and numerical results for the flow structure investigations are shown for the flow conditions as the existing ones on the suction side of the compressor profile. The two cases are investigated: without and with boundary layer tripping device. In the first case, boundary layer is laminar up to the shock wave, while in the second case the boundary layer is tripped by the step. Numerical results carried out by means of Fine/Turbo Numeca with Explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model including transition modeling are compared with schlieren, Temperature Sensitive Paint and wake measurements. Boundary layer transition location is detected by Temperature Sensitive Paint.     

Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning 13C-NMR Characterization of Steam Exploded Poplar Hood

Abstract

High resolution solid state ¹³ C CP/MAS NMR has been used to study poplar wood samples before and after steam treatment. The principal structural components of wood have been characterized and the main effects of the rapid steam hydrolysis process (hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses, depolymerization of the lignin) were discussed. Evidence of molecular-level interactions between the principal components have been obtained from T ₁ ^Hδ relaxation times of protons belonging to the corresponding species.     

Effect of different technological and culinary treatments on iron retention,nutritional density and recommended dietary intake in fourteen vegetable species

The present work determined iron content in fourteen species of vegetable prepared for consumption. The experimental material consisted of raw and boiled raw vegetables and two types of frozen product: one traditionally produced (blanching before freezing); the other obtained using the modified method (boiling before freezing), having the characteristics of a ready‐to‐eat convenience product. Nutrient density (ND) and recommended dietary intake (RDI) were established on the basis of iron content. The highest iron content was found in pea seeds (2.03 mg per 100 g fresh weight) and the lowest in root vegetables (0.38–0.60 mg). Iron retention was similar in all pea, broad bean, New Zealand spinach, kale, white cauliflower, celery and red beet products. In the remaining products, the significantly lowest retention was found in the traditionally frozen product (Sample C) and the highest in the ‘convenience’ frozen product (Sample D). The above‐mentioned order also applied to ND and RDI values. Only in the ND of parsnip calculated for women did any value fall below 100%.     

Reference model based discrete time sliding mode control of communication networks

In this work, we propose a new sliding mode controller based on a reference model for controlling data transmission rates in a connection-oriented communication network. In the proposed approach, we build a model of the network, which is controlled by a linear quadratic (LQ) optimal controller. Then, the sliding variable of the real network is forced to follow the reference sliding variable generated by this model. This method enables us to preserve the favorable properties of the optimal controller, such as reducing and smoothing out the initial flow rates. Moreover, once the reference model attains the vicinity of the desired state, the designed sliding mode controller is able to react more rapidly to changes in the available bandwidth, ensuring better robustness. Due to this fact, the considered controller can ensure full bottleneck link bandwidth utilization with smaller memory buffers than the LQ optimal one. This important advantage is shown both analytically, and in computer simulations