Approximation der optimalen Vorhersage der Ausgabe stochastischer Quellen

This paper discusses the prediction of the output of a stochastic sourceQ having positive transition function. If the sourceQ has two output alphabets,X andY, then there exists such a stochastic automaton \(\mathfrak{A}(V_{opt} )\) with input alphabetX, output alphabetY, and a countable set of states, that realizes the optimal predictionV _opt fromX toY. Here it will be shown thatV _opt can be approximated with any precision by a predictionV which is realized by a stochastic automaton with finite set of states.     

On grammar forms with terminal context

Summary A context-free grammar form G defines a family of context-free grammars {ie397-01}(G). In this paper {ie397-02}(G) is extended to give the family of terminal context grammars {ie397-03}(G), which were introduced by Book [4]. It is shown that the families of languages defined by {ie397-04}(G) and {ie397-05}(G) are equal when G is an -free context-free grammar form. This generalizes the result of Book [4] for context-free grammars and underlines the usefulness of the notion of grammar forms in formal language theory.The work of the second author was carried out partially under a National Research Council of Canada Grant. No. A-7700 and partially under the auspices of the University of Karlsruhe     

恒速成长公司股票投资价值的经济弹性分析

对恒速成长公司股票的投资价值进行了弹性分析。结果表明,恒速成长公司投资价值的利率与业绩弹性既敏感地依赖于公司的成长速度和利率水平等内外部因素,也是刻画股票某种投机价值的恰当指标。     

Einleitung und Abbruch der künstlichen Ernährung beim einwilligungsunfähigen Patienten

Definition of the problem: In Austria the legal discussion on initiating and withdrawing artificial nutrition in incompetent patients has just begun. Arguments and conclusion: Legal regulations are lacking, but there appears to be agreement on accepting advance directives under specific criteria. This would mean that a presumed will and documented refusal of treatment and nutrition has to be respected by physicians. However, there is no consensus with regard to the “supposed will” of an incompetent patient to refuse treatment and nutrition. At present, surrogate decision making with regard to refusing life-sustaining treatment or nutrition is only accepted according to a declared and documented directive of the patient himself. When the patient’s will has to be “surmised” the protection of life has priority. In Austria this concept is based on the national constitution and its duty to protect life.     

会计职业道德对提高会计信息质量的影响

会计信息质量与环境、会计系统等诸多因素有关,同时会计职业道德也是一个非常重要的因素。它作为一种引导和制约会计行为的社会规范,与会计信息的质量息息相关。我国会计信息质量的现状不容乐观,重整我国会计职业道德,将对我国会计信息质量的提高起到积极的推动作用。文中分析了会计职业道德的特征和现状,提出了重整会计职业道德的几点思考.     

Software specification using graph grammars

The following paper demonstrates that programmed sequential graph grammars can be used in a systematic proceeding to specify the changes of high level intermediate data structures arising in a programming support environment, in which all tools work in an incremental and syntax-driven mode. In this paper we lay stress upon the way to get the specification rather than on the result of this process. Therefore, we give here some approach to “specification engineering” using graph grammars. This approach is influenced by the syntactical definition of the underlying language for Programming in the Small, the module concept etc. to be supported on one side but also by the idea of the user interface.     

Chronic Hyperkaliemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Old Concern with New Answers

Increasing potassium intake ameliorates blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular (CV) prognoses in the general population; therefore the World Health Organization recommends a high-potassium diet (90–120 mEq/day). Hyperkalaemia is a rare condition in healthy individuals due to the ability of the kidneys to effectively excrete dietary potassium load in urine, while an increase in serum K⁺ is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperkalaemia prevalence increases in more advanced CKD stages, and is associated with a poor prognosis. This scenario generates controversy on the correct nutritional approach to hyperkalaemia in CKD patients, considering the unproven link between potassium intake and serum K⁺ levels. Another concern is that drug-induced hyperkalaemia leads to the down-titration or withdrawal of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) and mineralocorticoids receptors antagonists (MRA) in patients with CKD, depriving these patients of central therapeutic interventions aimed at delaying CKD progression and decreasing CV mortality. The new K⁺-binder drugs (Patiromer and Sodium-Zirconium Cyclosilicate) have proven to be adequate and safe therapeutic options to control serum K⁺ in CKD patients, enabling RASI and MRA therapy, and possibly, a more liberal intake of fruit and vegetables.