On grammar forms with terminal context

Summary A context-free grammar form G defines a family of context-free grammars {ie397-01}(G). In this paper {ie397-02}(G) is extended to give the family of terminal context grammars {ie397-03}(G), which were introduced by Book [4]. It is shown that the families of languages defined by {ie397-04}(G) and {ie397-05}(G) are equal when G is an -free context-free grammar form. This generalizes the result of Book [4] for context-free grammars and underlines the usefulness of the notion of grammar forms in formal language theory.The work of the second author was carried out partially under a National Research Council of Canada Grant. No. A-7700 and partially under the auspices of the University of Karlsruhe     

Near-infrared photodetection with a diruthenium complex having redox-switchable wavelength response

We report on the electrochromic behavior of a dinuclear ruthenium complex, which provides high environmental stability together with an intense absorption maximum at 1237 nm in solution in its +3 oxidation state. To verify its optoelectronic properties, we used this complex as the photoactive material in a planar photodetector prototype for near-infrared light pulses, succeeding in the detection of a train of light pulses at a wavelength of 1280 nm.     

恒速成长公司股票投资价值的经济弹性分析

对恒速成长公司股票的投资价值进行了弹性分析。结果表明,恒速成长公司投资价值的利率与业绩弹性既敏感地依赖于公司的成长速度和利率水平等内外部因素,也是刻画股票某种投机价值的恰当指标。     

Einleitung und Abbruch der künstlichen Ernährung beim einwilligungsunfähigen Patienten

Definition of the problem: In Austria the legal discussion on initiating and withdrawing artificial nutrition in incompetent patients has just begun. Arguments and conclusion: Legal regulations are lacking, but there appears to be agreement on accepting advance directives under specific criteria. This would mean that a presumed will and documented refusal of treatment and nutrition has to be respected by physicians. However, there is no consensus with regard to the “supposed will” of an incompetent patient to refuse treatment and nutrition. At present, surrogate decision making with regard to refusing life-sustaining treatment or nutrition is only accepted according to a declared and documented directive of the patient himself. When the patient’s will has to be “surmised” the protection of life has priority. In Austria this concept is based on the national constitution and its duty to protect life.     

Normalizing Behavior of Unsaturated Granular Pavement Materials

One of the important components of a flexible pavement structure is granular material layers. Unsaturated granular pavement materials (UGPMs) in these layers influence stresses and strains throughout the pavement structure, and have a large effect on asphalt concrete fatigue and pavement rutting (two of the primary failure mechanisms for flexible pavements). The behavior of UGPMs is dependent on water content, but this effect has been traditionally difficult to quantify using either empirical or mechanistic methods. This paper presents a practical mechanistic framework for determining the behavior of UGPMs within the range of water contents, densities, and stress states likely to be encountered under field conditions. Both soil suction and generated pore pressures are determined and compared to confinement under typical field loading conditions. The framework utilizes a simple soil suction model that has three density-independent parameters, and can be determined using conventional triaxial equipment that is available in many pavement engineering laboratories.     

Design of parts and manufacturing systems for reliability and maintainability

The design of parts and manufacturing systems can be viewed from different perspectives. This paper discusses the design of parts and manufacturing systems from reliability and maintainability perspectives. A convenient method of considering reliability and maintainability is through the use of design rules which are based on empirical and theoretical knowledge. Four design rules for improvement of reliability and maintainability of systems are presented. The design rules are proven and substantiated with numerical results. The relationship between the design for reliability and maintainability rules and design for manufacturing process rules is discussed.     

会计职业道德对提高会计信息质量的影响

会计信息质量与环境、会计系统等诸多因素有关,同时会计职业道德也是一个非常重要的因素。它作为一种引导和制约会计行为的社会规范,与会计信息的质量息息相关。我国会计信息质量的现状不容乐观,重整我国会计职业道德,将对我国会计信息质量的提高起到积极的推动作用。文中分析了会计职业道德的特征和现状,提出了重整会计职业道德的几点思考.     

Characterization of residual stresses from cold expansion using spatial statistics

Residual stress fields from cold expansion have been widely used to extend the fatigue life of aircraft structures. However, the spatial statistical character of these residual stress fields has not been established and has not been incorporated in current analysis methods. The objective of this study was to establish a spatial statistical method to quantify the residual stress field around a cold expanded hole. A framework called the Spatial Analysis of Residual Stress (SpARS) was developed utilizing spatial correlation, response surface modelling techniques and statistical resampling methods to characterize the residual stress field. Our results showed that tolerance bounds on residual stress can be quantified using this method. We also demonstrated the SpARS method using recently published round robin case studies. The newly developed model will be useful for aircraft structural fatigue crack growth analyses to incorporate residual stress fields for extending inspection intervals for fatigue and fracture critical structures.     

The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target

The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.