Automatic tuning of decentralized PID controllers for MIMO processes

An automatic tuning algorithm for decentralized PID control in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) plants is presented. This algorithm generalizes the authors' recent auto-tuner for two-input two-output systems to any number of inputs and outputs. The algorithm consists of two stages. In the first, the desired critical point, which consists of the critical gains of all the loops and a critical frequency, is identified. The auto-tuner identifies the desired critical point with almost no a priori information about the process. During the identification phase all controllers are replaced by relays, thus generating limit cycles with the same period in all loops. It is shown that each limit cycle corresponds to a single critical point of the process. By varying the relays parameters different points can be determined. The auto-tuner contains a procedure which converges rapidly to the desired critical point while maintaining the amplitudes of the process variables as well as of the manipulated variables within prespecified ranges. In the second stage, the data of the desired critical point is used to tune the PID controllers by the Ziegler-Nichols rules or their modifications. This paper focuses on the first stage. The steady-state process gains, which are required for the appropriate choice of the desired critical point, are determined by the auto-tuner in closed-loop fashion simultaneously with the identification of the critical point. The identification of the process gains is achieved at no extra plant time. Based upon a large number of simulated cases, the proposed auto-tuner seems to be efficient and robust. The paper discusses the underlying principles of the auto-tuner and its properties and capabilities are demonstrated via examples.     

Muscle transformation of the sartorius muscle in a canine model: clinical impact for electrodynamic graciloplasty as a "neosphincter"

PURPOSE: Transformation of fast-twitching skeletal muscles to slow-twitching, slowly fatigable muscles has become of clinical interest in the recent past. Transposition and transformation of the gracilis muscle to use it as a substitute for a resected or defected anal sphincter (graciloplasty) have been reported as achieving promising results in the treatment of fecal incontinence caused by sphincter defects or following abdominoperineal anorectal excision for cancer. METHOD: This experimental study used a canine model and the sartorius muscle to evaluate the functional efficiency of two different configurations of the muscle loop to compare the presently applied transformation program (8 weeks) with a shorter (5 weeks) protocol. In six beagle dogs, both sartorius muscles were wrapped around two stomas, either in an alpha fashion or in the so-called split-sling technique. Muscle transformation was achieved by controlled neuromuscular stimulation either during eight (Program A) or five weeks (Program B). After completion of the transformation period, the function of the muscle slings was evaluated by manometry, and histomorphologic evaluation of the sartorius muscles was performed. RESULTS: It was shown that muscle transformation led to a slowly fatigable muscle that made it possible to perform continuos (tetanic) contraction, regardless of the configuration or the duration of the transformation. Median pressures created by these muscles also did not differ significantly. In accordance with these functional findings, the histologic evaluation showed the typical, significant increase of Type I fibers in both muscle slings and following both transformation protocols. Although the decrease of fast-twitching Type II fibers was more pronounced following the conventional (8 weeks) program, this finding did not influence the functional results. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our experiment indicate the possibility for using a shorter transformation protocol for transformation of the gracilis muscle during graciloplasty in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the efficacy and safety of the modified (split-sling) wrap technique was demonstrated.     

In Situ ceramic particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites fabricated by reaction pressing in the TiO2 (Ti)-Al-B (B2O3) systems

Particulate TiB₂ reinforced aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were successfully fabricated by means of the reaction processing method. TiB₂ particulates were formed in situ through the reaction of Ti and B in Ti-Al-B, TiO₂ and B in TiO₂-Al-B, and TiO₂ and B₂O₃ in TiO₂-Al-B₂O₃ systems. The results showed that in situ TiB₂ particulates formed in the Ti-Al-B system had a size of 5 μm and they exhibited block and rodlike structures. Moreover, coarse Al₃Ti blocks several tens of micrometers in size were also formed simultaneously. On the other hand, equiaxed Al₂O₃ and TiB₂ particulates with a size of less than 2 μm were formed in situ in the TiO₂-Al-B and TiO₂-Al-B₂O₃ systems. The Al₃Ti phase was completely eliminated in the TiO₂-Al-B system with increasing B content. Tensile tests revealed that the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite fabricated from the TiO₂-Al-B system exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The yield strength of the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite appeared to increase with increasing TiB₂ content. The yield strength of the Al₂O₃ · TiB₂/Al composite could be further increased by introducing CuO into the TiO₂-Al-B system. Such an increment in mechanical strength arose from the strengthening effect caused by the Al₂Cu precipitates. The incorporation of CuO had no effect on the in situ reaction process of the TiO₂-Al-B system. Finally, the effect of SiC addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites fabricated from the TiO₂-Al-B and TiO₂-Al-B-CuO systems was also investigated.     

Antibody against synthetic rat PTH peptide (1-34) blocks PTH-mediated cAMP formation and phosphate transport in opossum kidney cells

The expression of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors was investigated by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR in cultured chick Bergmann and Müller glial cells. Using subunit-specific antibodies directed to the carboxy terminus of the rat NMDAR2A/B we detected the expression of the NMDAR2 subunit in both kinds of culture. The functional subunit of the NMDA receptor, NMDAR1, was detected by means of RT-PCR. These results, together with our previous functional characterization of NMDA receptors in radial glia, provide conclusive evidence for the expression of functional NMDA receptor/channels in Bergmann and Muller glia cells. Our findings strengthen the notion of a modulatory role of glial cells in synaptic transmission.     

Inhibitory effect of ganciclovir on the HSV1-tk positive subcutaneous tumors transplanted with human ovarian cancer in nude mice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect in vivo of ganciclovir (GCV) on the growth of human ovarian cancer cells (AO) transducted with the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus I type (HSV1-tk). METHODS: Tumors were induced in nude mice by subcutaneous injection of AO cells and AO cells carried with HSV1-tk gene from China strain (AO/HSV1-tk cells). When the growing tumors were visible, GCV was injected daily into the peritoneum of the nude mice. RESULTS: The average weights of survived AO/HSV1-tkc tumors and AO tumors treated with GCV were 0.087 +/- 0.036 g and 0.661 +/- 0.260 g respectively. Most of the survived AO/HSV1-tkc cells treated with GCV were characterized by hypertrophy and necrosis, but their nuclear chromatins predominantely took the forms of heterchromatins. CONCLUSIONS: GCV could effectively inhibit the growth of HSV1-tk positive human ovarian cancer cells in vivo, but the nuclei of the survival tumor cells appeared to proliferate actively. As the same results of in vitro experiments, this may suggest that HSV1-tk/GCV gene therapeutic system might be combined with S-phase chemotherapy to increase the long-term effect.     

Plasmid pGA1 from Corynebacterium glutamicum codes for a gene product that positively influences plasmid copy number

The complete nucleotide sequence (4,826 bp) of the cryptic plasmid pGA1 from Corynebacterium glutamicum was determined. DNA sequence analysis revealed four putative coding regions (open reading frame A [ORFA], ORFA2, ORFB, and ORFC). ORFC was identified as a rep gene coding for an initiator of plasmid replication (Rep) according to the high level of homology of its deduced amino acid sequence with the Rep proteins of plasmids pSR1 (from C. glutamicum) and pNG2 (from Corynebacterium diphtheriae). This function was confirmed by deletion mapping of the minimal replicon of pGA1 (1.7 kb) which contains only ORFC. Deletion derivatives of pGA1 devoid of ORFA exhibited significant decreases in the copy number in C. glutamicum cells and displayed segregational instability. Introduction of ORFA in trans into the cells harboring these deletion plasmids dramatically increased their copy number and segregational stability. The ORFA gene product thus positively influences plasmid copy number. This is the first report on such activity associated with a nonintegrating bacterial plasmid. The related plasmids pGA1, pSR1, and pNG2 lacking significant homology with any other plasmid seem to be representatives of a new group of plasmids replicating in the rolling-circle mode.     

A biased percolation model for the analysis of electronic-device degradation

The biased percolation model is proposed for investigating device degradation and failure associated with the generation of defects due to local Joule heating. The degradation processes of a thin conducting or semiconducting film is monitored by a set of relevant indicators, such as: the evolution of damage pattern, the current distribution, the film resistance and its fluctuations, the defect concentration, the film lifetime, etc. The conductor-insulator (CI) and conductor-superconductor (CS) like degradation processes are considered. The results can be used to propose non-destructive indicators to test the reliability of samples and to interpret the corresponding experiments.     

Distributed autonomous wireless channel assignment algorithm withpower control

Local autonomous dynamic channel allocation (LADCA) including power control is essential to accommodating the anticipated explosion of demand for wireless. The authors simulate call performance for users accessing channels in a regular cellular array with a base located at the center of each hexagon. The computer model includes stochastic channel demand and a propagation environment characterized by attenuation with distance as well as shadow fading. The study of LADCA shows that distributed power control and channel access can be combined in an access management policy that achieves satisfactory system capacity and provides desired call performance. The authors report: LADCA/power control is observed to be stable alleviating a major concern about users unaware of the signal to interference problems their presence on a channel might cause to others. There can be substantial inadvertent dropping of calls in progress caused by originating calls. Modeling user time dynamics is essential. LADCA contrasts very favorably with fixed channel allocation (FCA) in a comparative example     

Hierarchical models for analysis and recognition of handwritten characters

Different hierarchical models in pattern analysis and recognition are proposed, based on occurrence probability of patterns. As an important application of recognizing handprinted characters, three typical kinds of hierarchical models such asM _89-89,M _89-36 andM _36-36 have been presented, accompanied by the computer algorithms for computing recognition rates of pattern parts. Moreover, a comparative study of their recognition rates has been conducted theoretically; and numerical experiments have been carried out to verify the analytical conclusions made. Various hierarchical models deliberated in this paper can provide users more or better choices of pattern models in practical application, and lead to a uniform computational scheme (or code). The recognition rates of parts can be improved remarkably by a suitable hierarchical model. For the modelM _89-36 in which case some of the Canadian standard handprinted characters have multiple occurrence probabilities, the total mean recognition rates of the given sample may reach 120% of that by the model proposed by Li et al., and 156% of that obtained from the subjective experiments reported by Suen.     

Pretreatment with somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 potentiates growth hormone (GH) responsiveness to GH-releasing factor in short children

Previous studies in children have shown inconsistent, poorly reproducible GH responses to exogenous GH-releasing factor (GRF), with wide individual variability. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that prior administration of the long-acting somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995 (SMS), will enhance GH responsiveness to a subsequent GRF challenge. Two study protocols were employed in 37 children with short stature [M = 31, F = 6, ages 11.8 +/- 1.6 yr (mean +/- SEM), height -2.25 +/- 0.55 SDS (SD scores)]. In both studies, each subject served as his/her own control. In the first study, which was designed to determine optimal SMS dose and regimen, SMS, in doses ranging from 0.8-2.2 micrograms/kg sc, was randomly administered or omitted at 0800 h after an overnight fast, and a GRF bolus (50 micrograms, iv) was given 4 h later. In the second study, we employed a protocol identical to study 1 except for the use of standard doses of SMS (1 microgram/kg, sc) and GRF (1 microgram/kg, iv) and an additional 1-h delay of the GRF injection. Plasma GH levels were measured every 20 min from 0800 h until 2 h after the GRF injection in both studies. In study 1 (n = 12; M = 10, F = 2), SMS significantly suppressed spontaneous GH secretion (expressed as the mean +/- SEM GH AUC during the 4-h SMS-GRF interval, AUC 1:2.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.9 micrograms/L.h; P < 0.001), GH responsiveness to GRF (GH AUC during the 2 h after the GRF injection, AUC 2: 41.5 +/- 7.8 vs. 85.0 +/- 13.5 micrograms/L.h; P < 0.001), and the GH peak response (17.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 36.0 +/- 6.2 micrograms/L; P < 0.001), compared to control tests. In contrast, in study 2 (n = 25; M = 21, F = 4), whereas spontaneous GH secretion was still suppressed during the 5-h SMS-GRF interval (AUC 1:3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.1 micrograms/L.h; P < 0.001), both the GH peak response (56.7 +/- 5.5 vs. 30.5 +/- 3.0 micrograms/L; P < 0.0001) and the GH AUC (AUC 2: 103.7 +/- 10.3 vs. 77.5 +/- 6.8 micrograms/L.h; P < 0.05) after GRF administration were significantly augmented by pretreatment with SMS, compared to control tests. Taken together, these results indicate that a priming SMS dose of 1 microgram/kg has a significant permissive effect on GH responsiveness to exogenous GRF administered 5 h later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)