铜引线键合中影响焊球硬度因素的研究

铜丝球焊由于其经济优势和优越的电气性能近来得到了普及,然而,在引线键合工艺中用铜丝取代金丝面临着一些技术上的挑战。多年来,IC芯片焊盘结构已经逐步适应了金丝球焊。铜在本质上比金硬度高,因此以铜线取代金线便引出了有关硬度的问题。研究了用25．4μm铜丝球焊中与键合机参数有关的铜焊球硬度特性。采用电子打火系统不同的电流和打火时间设置,用5％氢气和95％氮气组成的惰性保护气体形成了一个典型的25．4μm大小的铜焊球,研究了维氏硬度的焊球。用实验设计建立了第一和第二键合参数,进行了无空气焊球基本数据调整。通过改变电子打火系统参数。对硬度特性进行了进一步的测试。典型的键合球的大小和厚度的第一键合响应证实铜键合球的生产实力与电子打火系统的电流和打火时间有关．     

基于摄动矩阵和凸多胞体的不确定性鲁棒H2／H∞控制方法

针对区间振荡,提出一种基于摄动矩阵和凸多胞体的不确定性鲁棒H2/H∞控制方法。首先将各运行点附近的不确定性用摄动矩阵描述,再将不同运行点作为凸多胞体的顶点,构建包含多种不确定性的鲁棒H2/H∞多胞体摄动模型。在此基础上,将该模型闭环系统中的不确定性矩阵进行分离,并将各约束条件转化为线性不等式约束条件进行求解,最终获得满足多目标最优条件的状态反馈矩阵。IEEE 4机11节点系统的仿真结果表明,该方法不受测量误差、参数误差以及运行点变化的影响,且能同时满足H∞干扰抑制和最优H2性能,与未考虑不确定性的H2/H∞控制方法相比,该控制方法能更迅速地阻尼低频振荡,且对多种不同运行方式具有更强的鲁棒性。     

超硬刀具材料的发展与应用

对立方氮化硼和金刚石等超硬刀具材料的发展过程、种类、性能、制造方法和应用范围作了全面介绍 ,同时介绍了近来发明的新型超硬刀具材料———氮化碳 (CxNy) ,并通过切削试验对几种超硬刀具材料的切削性能进行了比较分析。     

磁性复合材料的制备技术与研究进展

磁性复合材料是当前最活跃的新型材料,综述了当前磁性复合材料的研究现状,重点阐述了磁性复合材料的制备技术和特点,以及国内外最新的研究成果,并展望了其应用前景.     

Power generation characteristics of a sandwich‐type self‐heating thermoelectric generator with spatially varying embedded heat source

Power generation characteristics of a sandwich‐type thermoelectric generator in which the heat source is embedded into thermoelectric elements are investigated. Our previous work on a similar concept only considered a uniform heat source distribution inside thermoelectric elements. In this work, the effect of the spatial distribution of a heat source is examined. In particular, the effect of the concentration of heat source near the one end, that is, the hot end, is intensively studied as a potential means of improving the efficiency of the device. Although the effects of heat source concentration in impractical cases without heat transfer limitations on the cold side remain ambiguous, it become clear that heat source concentration indeed has positive effects in more realistic cases with finite heat transfer coefficients imposed on the cold side. Because of the relatively low efficiency of typical thermoelectric generation, a significant amount of heat must be dissipated from the cold end of the thermoelectric element. Greater heat source concentration near the hot end leads to more effective utilization of available heat source, reduces the amount of heat rejected at the cold end, and lowers the hot end temperature of the thermoelectric element. Overall, it is suggested that heat source concentration can be used as a method to achieve more efficient operation and better structural integrity of the system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the volume power density of radial thermoelectric generators

We examine the volume power density of radial thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Radial, or tubular, TEGs have been considered as an alternative to the usual flat-plate TEGs due to its improved geometric match to typical curved heat sources and high surface power density. However, surface power density is not the only important performance index in realistic situations. Especially for TEGs with inorganic materials that have high raw material prices, volume power density can be important as well. In this note, an analytic model of a radial TEG is studied with a numerical trial-and-error approach for investigating its volume power density. At the same time, an alternative, approximate method of estimating the maximum power of the radial TEG is presented. Using these two approaches, we estimate the volume power density of a skutterudite-based radial TEG and compare the results to those of a flat-plate TEG. The volume power density of the radial TEG is significantly lower than that of the flat-plate TEG. For example, our calculation for a representative case with free convection on the cold side shows that the volume power density of the radial TEG will be 107 W/m³ at best. The result improves with forced convection, and our calculation for a representative case with forced convection on the cold side exhibits the maximum volume power density of 24 100 W/m³ . All these values turn out to be smaller roughly by one order of magnitude than the maximum volume power densities of comparable flat-plate TEGs. Such a low volume power density indicates lower economic feasibility of the radial TEG with expensive inorganic thermoelectric materials. This is also explicitly discussed by presenting the high cost per watt of the radial TEG. It is therefore suggested that radial TEGs with less expensive organic materials may be more acceptable than those with inorganic ones.     

适用于保护控制的同步相量测量方法

近年来,电力系统电力电子化特征导致输配电网动态特性耦合紧密,系统性故障频发。同步相量测量单元(PMU)在动态安全控制中作用愈发重要。适用于智能配电网的同步相量测量装置的研究也得到广泛开展。如何在当前复杂电气信号条件下保证相量测量精度的同时,缩短其阶跃条件下的响应时间对保护控制应用至关重要。文中提出一种适用于保护控制的同步相量测量方法。该方法揭示了阶跃信号对相量测量的影响机理,分析了相量模型参数在阶跃信号条件下的行为规律,提出了信号阶跃识别方法。进一步,揭示了阶跃量大小与动态相量模型参数突变量的线性关系,提出了阶跃过程中相量修正方法,减少了相量计算的响应时间。仿真与实际录波数据测试验证了所提方法可有效减少响应时间,为智能配电网保护控制提供快速准确的测量数据。     

Real‐Time Imaging of Nanoscale Redox Reactions over Bimetallic Nanoparticles

The catalytic performance of bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) strongly depends on their structural and compositional changes under reaction conditions. At the fundamental level, these changes are driven by redox reactions that occur on the surface of the NPs. The degree of complexity in the redox reactions is further amplified in bimetallic NPs because both metals can have their own reactions with the reactant molecules, in addition to any synergistic effects between the metal nanocatalysts and their reducible oxides. Here, the gas phase oxidation and reduction reactions, and the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) over Pt–Ni rhombic dodecahedron NPs with segregated Pt frames and Pt–Ni alloy NPs are investigated using in situ gas cell transmission electron microscopy. The real‐time observations show that NiO shell formation and Pt segregation are two important features during the oxidation and reduction of Pt–Ni NPs, respectively. Moreover, the two types of NPs evolved in different ways. By combining high‐resolution imaging, mass spectroscopy, and modeling, it is shown that the evolution of NP morphology and composition during redox reactions plays an important role in controlling the catalytic activity of the NPs.     

Surface molecular doping of all-inorganic perovskite using zethrenes molecules

Nano Research - We present an optical and photoelectron spectroscopic study to elucidate the interfacial electronic properties of organic-inorganic semiconductor heterojunctions formed in a...     

Atomic-Scale Metal–Insulator Transition in SrRuO3 Ultrathin Films Triggered by Surface Termination Conversion

The metal–insulator transition (MIT) in transition-metal-oxide is fertile ground for exploring intriguing physics and potential device applications. Here, an atomic-scale MIT triggered by surface termination conversion in SrRuO₃ ultrathin films is reported. Uniform and effective termination engineering at the SrRuO₃(001) surface can be realized via a self-limiting water-leaching process. As the surface termination converts from SrO to RuO₂, a highly insulating and nonferromagnetic phase emerges within the topmost SrRuO₃ monolayer. Such a spatially confined MIT is corroborated by systematic characterizations on electrical transport, magnetism, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations and X-ray linear dichroism further suggest that the surface termination conversion breaks the local octahedral symmetry of the crystal field. The resultant modulation in 4d orbital occupancy stabilizes a nonferromagnetic insulating surface state. This work introduces a new paradigm to stimulate and tune exotic functionalities of oxide heterostructures with atomic precision.