Investigation into the effect of a plant‐derived stabiliser on the light and wash fastness of sulphur‐dyed cotton and nylon fabrics

In this study, cotton fabric and nylon fabric were dyed with a range of commercial sulphur dyes and the light and wash fastness of the coloured fabrics was investigated. The effect of after‐treating the coloured cotton and nylon fabrics with a tannin‐based commercial product, Bayprotect Cl, in the presence or absence of sodium sulphate in the treatment bath, was found to significantly improve the light fastness of the sulphur‐dyed cotton, and the photoprotective effect was partially stable to ISO 105‐C06 washing. In addition, the tannin‐based after‐treatment also improved the colour stability of the dyed fabrics to the perborate‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing. The possible mechanisms for the improved fastness properties are also discussed. The application of sulphur dyes to nylon is potentially commercially useful but has been limited because of the reported poor light fastness of the dyeings. The photoprotective effect of the tannin‐based after‐treatment was investigated with a view to providing the necessary commercial performance. However, it was established that on this fibre, the light fastness improvement was marginal, and the associated wash fastness to oxidative bleach‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing was limited.     

LABILE: link quAlity-based lexIcaL routing mEtric for reactive routing protocols in IEEE 802.15.4 networks

In this paper, we propose a lexical routing metric to enable path-wise link quality-aware routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The realization of this routing metric is achieved by applying the indexing techniques of formal language processing in multi-metric route classification and cost evaluation for WSNs. In particular, the metric is motivated from the fact that IEEE 802.15.4 networks are formed on links with highly variable quality, and selection of poor quality links degrades the data delivery considerably. Although IEEE 802.15.4 supports link-level awareness through LQI, (a)?it remains unbeknownst at the path level, and therefore, (b)?its processing is link-local in scope. We propose LABILE, a composite routing metric, that is implemented through modifying RREQ and RREP structures of AODV to capture and convey two-state link information to destination which in turn is processed through an easy to compute routing lexicon and a corresponding lexical algorithm for path selection in case of availability of multiple paths. Multiple paths are represented in a path space through a proposed cost model that encompasses hop-count, weak links and a quantity weakness factor of each link, depending upon a thresholding mechanism which in turn declares a link to be either healthy (aka usable) or weak (aka unusable). Using the weakness factor, the success probability of data delivery over weak link turns out to be a fraction of success probability at healthy link. The mathematical model along with the experiments done for LABILE show that proposed composite metric and its parsing scheme together achieve link robustness consistently by evading the link failures, as the number of weak links is fairly reduced in lexical path as compared to the hop-count-based metric. Increased data delivery is obtained through preventing retransmissions as on failure-prone links.