Alternative market arrangements for technology transfer

With the rapid expansion of markets for telecommunications services and equipment, both national and international, one sees an increasing frequency of alliances in which each of two firms seeks to use the other to complete its portfolio strengths. Often this combination enables firms to achieve the product differentiation that seems to be the key to competitive advantage in modern telecommunications markets. This alliance may take the form of a « joint venture », which in the paper includes as limiting cases a subsidiary wholly owned by one firm, a technology licensing arrangement, and direct exporting. The model of such a venture presented here, although simple, is rich enough to illustrate the influence of four types of factors on the negotiations that set up the venture: demand, costs, risk, and regulatory constraints. We characterize the sets of acceptable and efficient arrangements, under various assumptions about exogeneous factors. The partners must choose among these by some form of bargaining.     

Fertilizer use saves fuels in India

Dung supplies are inadequate to provide enough farmyard manure (FYM) and cheap dung-cakes. Use of FYM necessitates supply of other fuels for cooking. Fertilizers consume only 5% of the thermal energy embodied in FYM. Replacement of the currently used amount of FYM by fertilizers will save fuels and costs. If all of the plant nutrients are to be supplied by FYM to a hectare of wheat crop, 2.9 tonnes of coal are needed to replace the dung-cakes lost; fertilizer use will save Rs. 1444/ha. It is suggested that FYM use be minimized and fertilizer use increased for fuel thrift.     

Comparison and Identification of Static Electrical Terminal Fuel Cell Models

Six steady-state fuel cell electrical terminal models are compared using experimental data from an Avista Laboratories SR-12 500 W proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The paper begins by reviewing the physical effects in a fuel cell. The proposed electrical terminal models are introduced in terms of these physical effects, parameterized for identification and compared using the measured data.     

A chloride method for the determination of the enthalpy of steam/water mixtures discharged from geothermal wells

Chloride concentrations and pressures (or temperatures) in two points of a geothermal test line have been used to determine the enthalpy of the steam/water mixture discharged from Nisyros I geothermal well (Greece). The results are in agreement with those obtained by the Russell James method. The chloride method described in this paper is fast, requires cheap, portable equipment and is thus particularly suitable for short-term well testing during drilling or immediately after well completion, especially in steam-rich mixtures.     

Apple Juice Clarification With the Use of Honey and Pectinase

The clarification of apple juice with the use of honey and enzyme separately and in combinations was studied. The results indicated the existence of a synergistic effect upon the time of initial flocculation when honey was combined with pectinase enzymes. Changes in the rate of flocculation appeared to be an additive effect of enzyme concentration and/or honey concentration. The combined treatment of honey and enzyme was found to induce flocculation very fast as compared to enzyme alone at cold as well as warm temperatures. When used alone, the honey treatment produced a clarified juice with a viscosity similar to cider.     

Sulphiting agents in foods: some risk/benefit considerations

The current toxicological status of sulphiting agents is reviewed, including evidence of adverse reactions to sulphited foods by a sub-population of asthmatics. Against this background are assessed the applications and benefits of sulphiting agents in foods. It is concluded that further information is required to determine the magnitude of risk and that, in the interim, the controlled use of sulphiting agents is justifiable.     

Analysis of water inflows in the Donkin-Morien No. 3 tunnel,Sydney Coalfield,Nova Scotia

The analysis of piezometric levels, water inflows and hydrochemical data at the Donkin-Morien Development Project No. 3 tunnel has revealed a flow regime characterised by discontinuity networks rather than intergranular permeability. Above chainage 420 m, water inflows were encountered from a minor aquifer unit being recharged by percolation travelling down dip from outcrop. Below chainage 420 m, the inflows become predominantly more saline, with recharge occurring either vertically or down dip from seabed, while below chainage 500 m the disappearance of the aquifer unit resulted in no further inflows being encountered. A freshwater/saltwater interface was identified in the vicinity of chainage 420 m.     

Specifying transformer winter and summer peak-load limits

This paper presents a methodology for specifying the winter and summer peak-load limits for substation transformers that carry a temperature-sensitive load, taking into account the random nature of load and ambient temperature as well as their correlation. With this methodology, we can easily and accurately specify the peak-load limits for each substation transformer once the historical ambient temperature and load data are available. Also, we can collectively specify the peak-load limits for the transformer of each cooling type (OA, OA/FA, or OA/FA/FA) in a geographic region based on the mean and standard deviation of ambient temperatures in that region. Such peak-load limits are useful for power system planning.