全文获取类型
收费全文 | 535401篇 |
免费 | 6184篇 |
国内免费 | 1873篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 9933篇 |
综合类 | 675篇 |
化学工业 | 79704篇 |
金属工艺 | 19412篇 |
机械仪表 | 15586篇 |
建筑科学 | 13186篇 |
矿业工程 | 2308篇 |
能源动力 | 14109篇 |
轻工业 | 48127篇 |
水利工程 | 4962篇 |
石油天然气 | 8873篇 |
武器工业 | 50篇 |
无线电 | 65421篇 |
一般工业技术 | 103815篇 |
冶金工业 | 99607篇 |
原子能技术 | 11745篇 |
自动化技术 | 45945篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 4035篇 |
2019年 | 3866篇 |
2018年 | 6552篇 |
2017年 | 6482篇 |
2016年 | 6814篇 |
2015年 | 4640篇 |
2014年 | 7951篇 |
2013年 | 24006篇 |
2012年 | 13031篇 |
2011年 | 17907篇 |
2010年 | 14014篇 |
2009年 | 16218篇 |
2008年 | 16927篇 |
2007年 | 16880篇 |
2006年 | 14771篇 |
2005年 | 13682篇 |
2004年 | 13422篇 |
2003年 | 13073篇 |
2002年 | 12632篇 |
2001年 | 12901篇 |
2000年 | 12221篇 |
1999年 | 12762篇 |
1998年 | 30797篇 |
1997年 | 22203篇 |
1996年 | 17291篇 |
1995年 | 13358篇 |
1994年 | 11915篇 |
1993年 | 11753篇 |
1992年 | 8721篇 |
1991年 | 8429篇 |
1990年 | 8145篇 |
1989年 | 8033篇 |
1988年 | 7663篇 |
1987年 | 6658篇 |
1986年 | 6823篇 |
1985年 | 7757篇 |
1984年 | 7114篇 |
1983年 | 6664篇 |
1982年 | 6094篇 |
1981年 | 6273篇 |
1980年 | 5973篇 |
1979年 | 5763篇 |
1978年 | 5613篇 |
1977年 | 6511篇 |
1976年 | 8372篇 |
1975年 | 4809篇 |
1974年 | 4685篇 |
1973年 | 4707篇 |
1972年 | 3942篇 |
1971年 | 3491篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 10 毫秒
81.
C Di Biasi M Accorinti G Trasimeni P Pivetti Pezzi A Melone G Gualdi 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,93(4):348-351
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationships between patient and physician pretreatment expectations of pain relief and subsequent pain relief reported by chronic pain patients immediately after treatment. DESIGN: Prospective study of consecutive patients undergoing a procedure in a pain clinic for treatment of chronic pain. Patients rated their current pain level and their expectation of pain relief immediately prior to undergoing a procedure (e.g., intravenous drug infusion, nerve block) for the treatment of chronic pain. Simultaneously and independently, the treating physician completed a similar questionnaire. At completion of the procedure, patients rated their current pain level and degree of pain relief. SETTING: University of Washington Multidisciplinary Pain Center procedure suite. PATIENTS: Forty-six consecutive chronic pain patients. INTERVENTION: Intravenous drug infusions and nerve blocks. OUTCOME MEASURES: Current pain and pain relief ratings. RESULTS: Patients' pain relief expectation ratings were not correlated significantly with their postprocedure pain relief ratings or pre-post procedure changes in pain ratings. However, a statistically significant correlation was found between physician expectations of pain relief and patient pain relief ratings and patient pre-post procedure changes in pain. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that physicians are better predictors than are patients of patients responses to these procedures and/or that physicians may somehow subtly communicate their expectations to patients during the procedure, and these expectations then influence patient response. Patient pretreatment expectations may not always play a significant role in nonspecific treatment effects. 相似文献
82.
BACKGROUND: Elevated serum sialic acids are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, but sialic acid levels have not been studied in cardiac tissue. METHODS: Myocardial samples were obtained at the time of transplantation from 23 patients (age 54 +/- 12 years) with heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease and 16 patients (age 51 +/- 7 years) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). A control group comprised postmortem samples obtained from 14 patients (age 70 +/- 5 years) who died of non-cardiovascular causes. Ventricular sialylation was quantitated using the sialic acid-specific lectins Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) using a chemiluminescence assay. Results are expressed as the percentage (+/-standard error of the mean) of the binding of lectin to a standardized control sample of human myocardium. RESULTS: Ventricular sialylation recognized by MAA was 55 +/- 7% in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease compared with 26 +/- 7% for DCM (p = 0.006) and 32 +/- 8% for controls (p = 0.04), and that recognized by SNA was 69 +/- 7% in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease compared with 42 +/- 6% for DCM (p = 0.006) and 38 +/- 7% for controls (p = 0.006). No significant difference in ventricular sialylation was observed between patients with DCM and controls. CONCLUSION: Myocardial levels of sialic acids are significantly increased in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease compared with patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and controls. Our findings are important in view of recent reports of an association between serum sialic acid concentration and cardiovascular mortality and require further investigation. 相似文献
83.
84.
Using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in rats, 4 experiments examined whether the inhibitory effect of a feature is evident after its offset following serial feature-negative discrimination training (A+ and X-->A-). When startle probes were presented shortly after the offset of X on X-->A test trials, the inhibitory properties of X were observed immediately after its offset. Furthermore, trace reinforcement of X (X-->+), but not delay reinforcement (X+), disrupted the ability of X to inhibit fear-potentiated startle on X-->A trials. Trace conditioning to X was also retarded after A+ and X-->A- training. These results suggest that the inhibitory properties of the serially trained feature are present after its offset and raise the possibility that either temporal information regarding nonreinforcement or poststimulus attributes of X acquire inhibitory properties. 相似文献
85.
This paper is concerned with partially observed stochastic optimal control problems when nonlinearities enter the dynamics of the unobservable state and the observations as gradients of potential functions. Explicit representations for the information state are derived in terms of a finite number of sufficient statistics. Consequently, the partially observed problem is recast as one of complete information with a new state generated by a modified version of the Kalman filter. When the terminal cost is quadratic in the unobservable state and includes the integral of the nonlinearities, the optimal control laws are explicitly computed, similar to linear-exponential-quadratic-Gaussian (LEQG) and linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) tracking problems. The results are applicable to filtering and control of Hamiltonian systems 相似文献
86.
Lauren P.D. Nandhakumar N. 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》1997,19(5):417-430
The ability to determine the viewing parameters of objects from their projections has enabled well established tomographic techniques to be employed in the 3D reconstruction of objects from images obtained via modalities where the orientation of the objects cannot be controlled. A method is described for the determination of the viewing parameters of randomly acquired projections of asymmetric objects. It extends upon the common lines algorithm by determining the relative orientation of projections from the location of lines of intersection among the Fourier transforms of the projections in 3D Fourier space. A new technique for finding the lines of intersection in the presence of translational displacement, and for subsequently finding the translational displacement, is presented. The complete algorithm is described and its efficacy is demonstrated using real data. A new technique for dealing with noise is also discussed 相似文献
87.
H Neudeck M Joncic C Schuster S Bisson R Hildebrandt T Oney B Stiemer H Hopp R Graf 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,37(6):449-458
Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a modulator of neuronal transmission in mature neuronal systems, including the retina. Recently, NO has also been suggested to have a trophic function during development. We examined immunocytochemically the distribution of NO-producing cells in developing and transplanted rabbit retinas. An antibody detecting the neuronal isoform of its biosynthetic enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was used on normal developing retinas [starting at embryonic day (E) 15] and on rabbit retinal transplants after various survival times (1-139 days after surgery). Weakly stained cell bodies were first observed in the proximal margin of the neuroblastic layer at E 29. Stained processes projecting towards a developing inner plexiform layer were also visible at this time point. Immunoreactive cells were located at later stages in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer, and are likely to correspond mainly to amacrine cells. NOS-labelled cells were also found in retinal transplants. The first NOS-labelled cells appeared, as in normal developing retinas, in ages corresponding to E 29 and were still detected in transplants corresponding to postnatal day 123. NOS-labelled cells were seen in areas between rosettes, where amacrine cells are located. NOS-labelled processes were at times seen to project for long distances, forming very distinct plexuses. NOS-containing amacrine cells thus appear both in the transplants and in developing retinas in the embryonic stages, long before synaptic function involving these cells can be expected, suggesting a role for NO not only in neuromodulation but also in retinal development. 相似文献
88.
Imprudent linking weaves a tangled Web 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hypertext linking is often embraced uncritically by Web authors eager to explore the power of hypertext without first considering its effects on their readers' comprehension. Hypertext linking is not a substitute for thought-we think with ideas, not with dissociated snippets of raw information. Even the most germane bits of information cannot become ideas, regardless of how cleverly they are stacked, listed or linked. Ideas define relevance, provide context and establish patterns. With patterns, most concepts become intelligible, and we need continuity and stability of theme and context to recognize patterns. So, like most powerful technologies, hypertext links are a mixed blessing. Used improperly, they can be detrimental to Web sites. “Loose links” can drive away an audience, dilute the site's message, confuse the reader with irrelevant digressions and become a continuing maintenance headache for site authors and Webmasters 相似文献
89.
N. Mitchell A. Alekseev R. Gallix D. Holland R. Meyder A. Panin M. Shimada F. Wong E. Zapretelina 《Journal of Fusion Energy》1997,16(1-2):25-35
The ITER magnet system consists of structurally linked sets of toroidal (TF) and poloidal (PF) field coils, central solenoid (CS), and various support structures. The coils are superconducting, force flow Helium cooled with a Kapton-Glass-Epoxy multilayer insulation system. The stored magnetic energy is about 100GJ in the TF system and 20GJ in the PF-CS. Coils and structure are maintained at 4 K by enclosing them in a vacuum cryostat. The cryostat, comprising an outer envelope to the magnets, forms most of the second radioactivity confinement barrier. The inner primary barrier is formed by the vacuum vessel, its ports and their extensions. To keep the machine size within acceptable bounds, it is essential that the magnets are in close proximity to both of the nuclear confinement barriers. The objective of the magnet design is that, although local damage to one of the barriers may occur in very exceptional circumstances, large scale magnet structural or thermal failure leading to simultaneous breaching of both barriers is not credible. Magnet accidents fall into three categories: thermal (which includes arcing arising from insulation failure and local overheating due to discharge failure in the event of a superconductor quench), structural (which includes component mechanical failure arising from material inadequacies, design errors and exceptional force patterns arising from coil shorts or control failures), and fluid (Helium release due to cooling line failure). After a preliminary survey to select initial faults conceivable within the present design, these faults are systematically analyzed to provide an assessment of the damage potential. The results of this damage assessment together with an assessment of the reliability of the monitoring and protective systems, shows that the magnets can operate with the required safety condition. 相似文献
90.
This paper presents the design criteria, procedure, and implementation of a soft-switched power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit based on the extended-period quasi-resonant (EPQR) principles. All power electronic devices including switches and diodes in the circuit are fully soft switched. The design method is demonstrated in a prototype circuit. The operating principles are confirmed with computer simulation and experimental results. A comparison of the EP-QR operation and zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) pulse-width modulation (PWM) method 相似文献