High oxide ion conduction in sintered oxides of the system Bi2O3-Y2O3

The ionic conduction in sintered Bi₂O₂-Y₂O₃ was investigated by measuring the conductivity and the emf of an oxygen concentration cell using the specimen tablet as electrolyte. The face centred cubic phase in this system was found to show high oxide ion conduction accompanied by a little electronic conduction when exposed to air. This phase was stable with a composition of 25 ～ 43 mol % Y₂O₃ over a wide range of temperatures, and the oxide ion conductivity increased with decrease in Y₂O₃. The conductivities of (Bi₂O₃)_0.75 (Y₂O₃)_0.25 were 1.6×10^?1 Ω^?1 cm^?1 at 700°C and 1.2×10^?2 Ω^?1 cm^?1 at 500°C values which are many times higher than those of stabilized zirconia (ZrO₂)_0.90(Y₂O₃)_0.10 at corresponding temperatures. Specimens containing less than 25 mol % Y₂O₃ showed a phase transition at 700 ～ 580°C and the conductivities decreased remarkably below these temperatures. High oxide ion conduction in the fcc phase is attributed to the migration of oxide ion vacancies which were present in an appreciable amount.     

Performance of solvothermally prepared Ga2O3-Al2O3 catalysts for SCR of NO with methane

The solvothermal reaction of mixtures of aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) and gallium acetylacetonate (Ga(acac)₃) directly yielded the mixed oxides of γ-Ga₂O₃-Al₂O₃. In the solvothermal synthesis, the crystal structure of mixed oxides was controlled by the initial formation of γ-Ga₂O₃ nuclei. The mixed oxides prepared in diethylenetriamine have extremely high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with methane as a reducing agent. With increasing crystallite size of the spinel structure, the catalytic activity increased. The ratio of the amount of methane consumed by combustion to total methane conversion was proportional to the density of acid sites on the surface of the mixed oxides. The mixed oxide catalysts prepared in diethylenetriamine had lower densities of acid sites and showed a higher methane-efficiency for CH₄-SCR than those prepared in other solvents. These catalysts maintained their high activity even when the reaction was carried out under the severe conditions (i.e., high space velocity and low NO concentration).     

Intrinsic Elastic, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Losses in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Determined by an Immittance-Fitting Method

The material coefficients of "soft" and "hard" lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics were determined as complex values by the nonlinear least-squares-fitting of immittance data measured for length-extensional bar resonators. The piezoelectric d -constant should be a complex value to obtain a best fitting between observed and calculated results. Because the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric losses determined in this process were not "intrinsic" losses, a calculation process to evaluate the "intrinsic" losses was proposed. It was confirmed that the intrinsic losses were smaller than the corresponding extrinsic losses. The intrinsic piezoelectric loss existed in both soft and hard PZTs; ∼50% of the loss of piezoelectric d -constant was derived from the elastic and dielectric losses. The most notable difference between the soft and hard PZTs was observed in their elastic losses.     

A new concept for determining triglyceride composition of fats and oils by liquid chromatography

The matrix concept was used to characterize the chromatographic rules in the elution of molecular species of triglyceride. To prove the hypothesis experimentally, cacao butter, palm oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil and triglyceride of “Ogonori” (Gracilaria verrucosa) were examined. A matrix model was suggested to help determine the individual molecular species of naturally occurring triglycerides.     

2-氨基-5-甲基噻唑的合成及应用研究

以1，2，3－三氯丙烷为原料，与氢氧化钠反应生成2，3－二氯－1－丙烯（2），接着与硫氰酸钾反应并异构化生成2－氯－2丙烯基异硫氰酸酯（3），再与氨水反应得N－（2－氯－2－丙烯基）硫脲（4），然后再在80％的硫酸作用下环合得2－氨基－5－甲基噻唑（1），总收率由文献报道的24．3％提高到41．3％。利用（1）和吡罗昔康的中间体（5）缩合制得美洛昔康（6）。     

Effect of EFA deficiency on lipid transport from liver

Studies are reported of the effect of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on synthesis of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipids (PL) and secretion of these compounds by livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were fed a semipurified diet containing corn oil or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) as the sole source of fat or no fat from weaning to 20 weeks of age. Liver function of the animals in each group was compared by an isolated liver perfusion technique with perfusates containing erythrocytes and linoleate, and in vivo experiments via tail vein injection of palmitate-³H. Perfusion experiments showed that an EFA deficiency reduced the ability of the liver to secrete TG and PL. Accumulation of TG in the liver and its diminished secretion into the blood of EFA deficient animals were demonstrated by in vivo experiments with palmitate-³H. The rate of conversion of linoleate to arachidonate and synthesis of PL was greater in livers of EFA deficient rats than in the control, corn oil fed animals. The results suggest a relationship of EFA metabolism to lipid transport. One of five papers to be published from the Symposium “Lipid Transport” presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970.     

Enzymatic modification of canola/palm oil mixtures: Effects on the fluidity of the mixture

The bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra-micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated. The adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fats in micro aqueous phase. To improve the handling properties of palm oil at rather low temperature, palm oil was blended with canola or soybean oil, and then these blended oils were modified by enzymatic selective interesterification in a solvent-free, ultra-micro aqueous bioreactor system with an immobilized lipase that had 1,3-positional specificity. The effects of enzymatic interesterification were confirmed by triglyceride determination, by solid fat content profiles and by cloud point profiles, which were also compared to products of chemical interesterification. The improvement in the fluidity of blended oils with canola oil by the enzymatic reaction was bigger than with soybean oil, and chemical interesterification had no effects on the fluidity of blended oils.     

Synthesis of γ-Ga2O3–Al2O3 Solid Solutions by the Glycothermal Method

The reaction of mixtures of aluminum isopropoxide and gallium acetylacetonate in 1,4-butanediol or 1,5-pentanediol at high temperatures (glycothermal reaction) directly gave the γ-Ga₂O₃–Al₂O₃ solid solutions, which had high catalytic activities for selective reduction of NO using methane as the reducing agent. However, the reaction with a higher Al/(Ga+Al) charged ratio yielded the glycol derivative of boehmite as a by-product and the catalytic activity of the solid solution decreased. Therefore, synthesis of the solid solution using various glycols was examined and it was found that solid solutions with high Al contents without contamination of the glycol derivative of boehmite were obtained by using 1,6-hexanediol as a reaction medium. The solid solution exhibited a higher NO conversion than that synthesized in other glycols.     

Oxide ion conduction in the sintered oxides of MoO3-doped Bi2O3

In order to examine the conduction behaviour in the sintered oxides of MoO₃-doped Bi₂O₃, the electrical conductivity in air and the EMF of oxygen gas concentration cell were measured with respect to the phase relation determined by X-ray diffraction.The tetragonal single phase oxide containing 22 mol% MoO₃ was found to be a high oxide ion conductor, the conductivity of which was comparable to those of stabilized zirconias. The partial electronic conduction in this phase was negligibly small at relatively high oxygen pressure. The oxide ion conduction was considered to be attributable to an appreciable amount of oxygen vacancies present in the crystal. In the monoclinic compound 3Bi₂O₃·2MoO₃, the oxide ion conduction was also observed. Although the conductivity of this phase was somewhat lower than that of the tetragonal phase, the activation energy for conduction (53·5 kJ mol^–1) was much lower than the values for usual oxide ion conductors.     

Shear-rate dependence of first normal stress difference of poly(isoprene-b-styrene) in solution near the order-disorder transition temperature

Viscoelastic properties of poly(isoprene-b-styrene) in dioctylphthalate under steady shear flow were measured near the order—disorder transition temperature. In ordered states, first normal stress difference N₁ is proportional to shear rate at low region, but becomes proportional to at the high region, similar to the N₁ behaviour of polymer blends undergoing shear-induced homogenization. Because the existence of microdomains was confirmed at the high region by the flow birefringence method, it is concluded that the above N₁ behaviour is not caused by shear-induced homogenization, but is probably caused by the shear-induced alignment of the microdomain structure.