Fluidization studies in large gas—solid systems. Part IV. Similarity criteria for different size systems

Time average differential pressure profiles have been recorded at the base of fluidized beds with cross-sectioned areas of 0.375 and 1.5 m², both being fitted with uniform resistance gas distributors and containing various materials. For beds of a specific material, with equal ratios of defluidized bed depth/bed width (within the limits 0.375 – 1.5), a common relationship was found between the time average differential pressure difference between the centre and corners at the bed base (expressed as a fraction of total theoretical bed pressure drop at incipient fluidizing conditions) and superficial gas velocity.     

Esters of hydroxystearic acids as primary low-temperature plasticizers for a vinyl chloride—Vinyl acetate copolymer

Summary Thirty-one acyloxy or aryloxy esters prepared from hydroxystearic acids have been evaluated as plasticizers for a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (95∶5). Many of them were found to be primary plasticizers, having outstanding low-temperature performance when employed at the 35% level. Formulations with these compounds compared quite favorably in tensile properties with those containing the di-2-ethylhexyl esters of phthalic, sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids. Volatility losses were similar to those of the four di-2-ethylhexyl esters. The loss of plasticizer through migration was equal to or less than that from compositions containing the esters of sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids but was greater than that of the phthalate ester. A mechanistic scheme of plasticizer-polymer interaction has been presented, proposing that the rate of diffusion of plasticizer through the polymer mass is a controlling factor in both good low-temperature performance and the resulting high migration losses. Methyl esters, some aromatic esters, and esters containing three or more polar centers have improved permanence but show a more rapid change in torsional modulus as the temperature is lowered during the determination of the Clash-Berg stiffening temperature. Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

The effect of heat on metal incorporated silica gels

Silica gel prepared under varying conditions indicated that, in addition to the pH and kind of acid, the mode of adding the solutions govern the evolution of surface area of the produced xerogel. Co-precipitation with the oxides of iron, copper, or nickel showed a marked effect in decreasing the surface area of the dry gel. Xerogels incorporated with iron oxide suffered from a sharp sintering that appeared upon heating to 900 °C. Copper oxide-incorporated silicas showed a small decrease in surface area at the same temperature. However, silica incorporated with nickel oxide seems to be resistant to heat treatment at 900 °C, and exhibits only a small change in surface area. Acid treatment of the incorporated silicas resulted in negligible variations in surface area, probably due to the low content of oxides.     

The Role of Cations in Some Inorganic Hydrolysis Reactions

Cations which shift certain equilibria from left to right by forming a compound with one of the reaction products were investigated with respect to their kinetic role in the process. Silver ions have no influence on the rate of the hydrolysis of cyanogen iodide. Similarly, cations which form sparingly soluble carbonates do not influence the rate of hydration of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the hydrolysis of chlorine is accelerated by Ag⁺ and, to a lesser extent, by Cd²⁺ and Fe(III). It is shown that the effect is not due simply to a bimolecular reaction between chlorine and the cation. In the case of Ag⁺, heterogeneous catalysis may play some role, in analogy with the solvolysis of organic halides. In the case of Cd²⁺, there is spectrophotometric evidence for compounds between Cl₂ and HOCl on the one hand, and the cation on the other. It is suggested that these compounds interconvert more rapidly than do the parent substances. A similar mechanism may be operative in the case of Fe(III), and, possibly, also in the case of Ag⁺.     

The removal of radioactive caesium contaminants from simple aqueous solutions

Cs ions can be removed from aqueous solutions by forming a precipitate of copper ferrocyanide which, having occluded the Cs ions, can in turn be floated by means of an anionic collector. Collection was achieved with either α-sulphopalmitic acid or sodium dodecyl sulphate depending on what interfering ions were initially present in the solution. Recoveries of 98–99% were obtained on batch scale experiments and 97.5–98.5% on continuous scale operation. The investigations of the flotation parameters of pH, gas-rate, concentrations of precipitating reagents and collector, as well as the interference effects of other ions are discussed. Using data obtained in batch scale tests, continuous scale experiments were designed and operated.     

Composition of mixed octadecadienoates via ozonolysis,chromatography and computer solution of linear equations

An approach to the analysis of 55 possible nonconjugated positional isomers of octadecadienoic acid is described and tested with mixtures of individual synthetic methyl esters. In the first example, by ozonolysis a sevencomponent mixture consisting ofcis,cis 5,12-, 6,10-, 6,11-, 6,12-, 7,12-, 8,12-, and 9,12-octadecadienoates was converted to aldehydes, aldehyde-esters and dialdehydes. These fragments were separated on a 50 m×0.2 mm free fatty acid phase (FFAP) vitreous silica capillary column. Equations for an arbitrarily restricted 12×15 matrix of linear simultaneous equations and a computer solution of the matrix provided the composition of the initial methyl octadecadienoate mixture. The power and significance of this method became apparent with the observation that only two of the seven isomers in the known mixture were resolved as single peaks by state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography, but all seven were identified and estimated with acceptable error by the ozonolysis-capillary gas chromatography-computer procedure. In a generalized approach to the analysis of the 55 possible nonconjugated isomers, a computer program selects the appropriate matrix of linear simultaneous equations based on the aldehyde data supplied by the analyst. Twenty of 21 combinations of seven isomeric esters taken five at a time have been analyzed to assess the efficiency of the method. To illustrate applicability at this stage of development, the method has been used to analyze the diene products of the hydrazine reduction of γ-linolenic acid and the diene products from the biological desaturation of isomeric monoenes. The possibility of distinguishing geometric and positional isomers of 18∶2 has been opened by the observed separation ofcis-andtrans-unsaturated aldehydes and aldehyde-esters. Presented in part at the 16th World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, October 4–7, 1983, in Budapest, Hungary, and at the American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, May 15, 1986, in Honolulu, Hawaii.     

Creep and drying shrinkage of calcium silicate pastes IV. Effects of accelerated curing

The dependent deformations and evidence of structural changes were measured on pastes of C₃S containing CaCl₂, and on pastes of C₃S or a C₃S/C₂S blend cured at 65°C. It was concluded that the addition of CaCl₂ enhances the role of the “pore component” in controlling irreversible strains even when well-hydrated pastes are dried. The formation of ore stable CSH at 65°C can explain the reduction in time-dependent deformations observed for these pastes. Even though a change in pore size distribution occurs at 65°C, it is not considered to affect irreversible strains in well-hydrated pastes.     

Some Observations on the Effect of Urea on the Dyeing Behaviour of Wool at Low Temperatures

The effect of adding urea to the dyebath on the rate of absorption of reactive and acid dyes by wool, and of acid dyes by other protein bres, has been studied. Possible modesof action of aqueous solutions of urea on wool are discussed. The observed increase in the ite of dyeing in the presence of urea is due to disaggregation of the dye in solution and reduction in dye-protein hydrophobic interactions. The action of urea in promoting fibre swelling is also likely to be a contributory factor.     

The production of salad oil by fractional crystallization with solvents

A fractional crystallization method for the winterization of cottonseed oil with solvents was developed in our laboratories and pilot plant. Small amounts of solvent (e.g., 10% by weight of acetone) were mixed with the oil. This mixture was rapidly chilled to 0°C. and kept at this temperature for 3–4 hrs.; the liquid portion was separated from the solids. After solvent evaporation a salad oil of good quality was obtained. The yield is equal to or better than that obtained with conventional methods. The method is suitable for a continuous operation since rapid chilling can be used, and only a short over-all time is necessary. Great advantages of the process are the use of low amounts of solvent and of a refrigeration system not requiring temperatures below 0°C.