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11.
Marjan P. Hagenzieker Frits D. Bijleveld Ragnhild J. Davidse 《Accident; analysis and prevention》1997,29(6):759-777
The effects of campaigns using tangible incentives (rewards) to promote safety belt usage have been evaluated by means of a meta-analytic approach. Two coders extracted a total number of 136 short-term and 114 long-term effect sizes and coded many other variables from 34 journal articles and research reports. The results show a mean short-term increase in use rates of 20.6 percentage points; the mean long-term effect was 13.7 percentage points. Large scale studies report smaller effect sizes than small scale studies; when studies were weighted by the (estimated) number of observations, the weighted mean effect sizes were 12.0 and 9.6 percentage points for the short and long term, respectively. The main factors that influence the magnitude of the reported short-term effect of the programs were the initial baseline rate (which was highly correlated with the presence or absence of a safety belt usage law), the type of population involved, whether incentives were delivered immediately or delayed, and whether incentives were based on group or individual behaviour. Together these four variables accounted for 64% of the variance. Other variables, such as the duration of the intervention, the probability of receiving a reward, and the value of the reward were not related to the short-term effect sizes. The relationship between moderating variables and long-term effects was less clear. 相似文献
12.
A gas chromatographic method for evaluating the effect of antioxidants is described. Emulsions of linoleic acid both with
and without antioxidant are oxidized enzymatically. Concentrations of uncreacted linoleic acid are measured at varying incubation
times and various concentrations of both lipoxidase and antioxidant. Two antioxidants have been tested. The method is simple,
precise, and reproducible. The inhibition mechanism and experimental conditions are discussed. 相似文献
13.
14.
Wang G Saeterli R Rorvik PM van Helvoort A Holmestad R Grande T Einarsrud MA 《Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology》2007,7(7):2538-2541
Novel hierarchical self-assembled structures; bur-like PbTiO3 nanostructures were made by self-assembly of PbTiO3 nanocrystals under hydrothermal conditions using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate surfactant. The bur-like nanostructures exhibit a unique geometrical shape with cores of agglomerated nanocrystals and outershells of nanorods. The nanorods were between 30 nm and 100 nm in diameter and from several hundred nm up to 2 microm in length. We demonstrate that these nanostructures are formed in a two step process where agglomeration of PbTiO3 nanoparticles into microspheres occurs in a first step, followed by assembly of cube-shaped nanoparticle building blocks into PbTiO3 mesocrystals in a second step. The mesocrystals continuously grow into nanorods from the surface of the microspheres acting as a substrate. 相似文献
15.
David Segorbe Derek Wilkinson Alexandru Mizeranschi Timothy Hughes Ragnhild Aaløkken Libuše Váchová Zdena Palková Gregor D. Gilfillan 《Yeast (Chichester, England)》2018,35(8):507-512
We report an optimized low‐input FAIRE‐seq (Formaldehyde‐Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements‐sequencing) procedure to assay chromatin accessibility from limited amounts of yeast cells. We demonstrate that the method performs well on as little as 4 mg of cells scraped directly from a few colonies. Sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the scaled‐down method are comparable with those of regular, higher input amounts, and allow the use of 100‐fold fewer cells than existing procedures. The method enables epigenetic analysis of chromatin structure without the need for cell multiplication of exponentially growing cells in liquid culture, thus opening the possibility of studying colony cell subpopulations, or those that can be isolated directly from environmental samples. 相似文献
16.
Gencer Erdogan Yan Li Ragnhild Kobro Runde Fredrik Seehusen Ketil Stølen 《International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)》2014,16(5):627-642
Risk analysis and testing are conducted for different purposes. Risk analysis and testing nevertheless involve processes that may be combined to the benefit of both. We may use testing to support risk analysis and risk analysis to support testing. This paper surveys literature on the combined use of risk analysis and testing. First, the existing approaches are identified through a systematic literature review. The identified approaches are then classified and discussed with respect to main goal, context of use and maturity level. The survey highlights the need for more structure and rigor in the definition and presentation of approaches. Evaluations are missing in most cases. The paper may serve as a basis for examining approaches for the combined use of risk analysis and testing, or as a resource for identifying the adequate approach to use. 相似文献
17.
Peter Kaali Dane Momcilovic Agneta Markström Ragnhild Aune Gyorgy Czel Sigbritt Karlsson 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2010,115(2):802-810
Polymers used for biomedical purposes in medical devices are usually requested to be inert to degradation. This article describes that slow irreversible changes were observed in silicone surfaces exposed to in vivo biofilms even if silicone, in general, is supposed to have excellent long‐term properties. Tracheostomy tubes made of silicone rubber were exposed to in vivo biofilm environments in clinical tests for periods of 1, 3, and 6 months. The chemical degradation was monitored by MALDI‐TOF MS, ATR‐FTIR, and FE‐SEM. In addition, the physical changes were monitored by contact angle and hardness measurements. Cyclic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was detected on the surfaces of new (unaged) silicones. On the surfaces of the in vivo samples new compounds, presumably linear methyl‐hydroxyl‐terminated PDMS, were detected in addition to cyclic PDMS. These compounds may be formed as a result of the hydrolysis of linear dimethyl terminated PDMS, which is also present in the silicone rubber. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that hydrolysis had indeed occurred during the in vivo exposure, since Si? OH groups were detected. Furthermore, significant changes in the topography were detected by FE‐SEM, indicating the initiation of degradation. No significant changes in the contact angle of the in vivo used samples were observed, but this information may be shielded by the fact that biofilm may remain on the surface, despite the thorough cleaning before the analysis. It is also possible that the surface hydrophobicity was recovered by the diffusion of linear low‐molecular‐weight compounds from the bulk. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 相似文献
18.
Two groups of rats were fed diets containing 20% by weight of either partially hydrogenated marine oil supplemented with sunflower
seed oil (PHMO) or palm oil (PO) for 8 wk. Using a liver perfusion system, the effect of dietary long chain monoenoic fatty
acids on the uptake and metabolism of [14-14C]erucic acid was studied. The perfusion times were 15 and 60 min, respectively. The two groups showed equal ability for erucic
acid uptake in the liver but differed in the channeling of the fatty acids into various metabolic pathways. A higher metabolic
turnover of 22∶1 in the PHMO livers relative to the PO livers was demonstrated by an increased recovery of total [14C]labeling in the triglyceride (TG) and phospholipid (PL) fractions, already evident after 15 min of perfusion. The chainshortening
capacity was highest in the PHMO group, reflected by a higher [14C]18∶1 incorporation in both TG and PL, and increasing from 15 to 60 min of perfusion. The amount of [14C]18∶1 found in PL and TG after 60 min of perfusion of livers from rats fed PO corresponded to that shown for the PHMO group
after 15 min. The PL demonstrated a discrimination against 22∶1 compared to TG, and, when available, 18∶1 was highly preferred
for PL-synthesis.
The total fatty acid distribution in the TG, as determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), reflected the composition of
the dietary fats. In the total liver PL, 22∶1 and 20∶1 were present in negligible amounts, although the PHMO diet contained
12–13% of both 22∶1 and 20∶1. In the free fatty acid fraction (FFA), the major part of the radioactivity (≈80%) was [14-14C]erucic acid, and only small amounts of [14C]18∶1(<2%) were presents, even after 60 min of perfusion. The shortened-chain 18∶1 was readily removed from the FFA pool
and preferentially used for lipid esterification. 相似文献
19.
Lidong Teng Ragnhild E. Aune Seshadri Seetharaman Wenchao Li 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2005,36(10):2585-2593
In the present work, phase relationships in selected phase regions of the Mn-Ni-C system have been investigated at 1073 and
1223 K by use of an equilibration technique. Alloys of Mn-Ni-C were prepared from pure Mn, Ni, and C powders by the powder
metallurgy method. The phase identification of the heat-treated samples was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM)
and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The main phase compositions of the alloys have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction
(XRD). The experimental results show that the site fraction of Ni in the metallic sublattice of the carbides M23C6, M7C3, and M5C2 is quite low and the value is around 0.02 to 0.03. The thermodynamic activities of manganese in 16 different Mn-Ni-C alloys
have been studied by solid-state galvanic cell technique with single-crystal CaF2 as the solid electrolyte in the temperature range 940 to 1165 K. The results are discussed in light of the available thermochemical
information. 相似文献
20.
Theérèse Sterneland Andreas Markström Susanne Norgren Ragnhild E. Aaune Seshadri Seetharaman 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2006,37(10):3023-3028
In the current study, the phase equilibria between fcc, graphite and M7C3 (M = Cr,Co) have been studied at 1373 °K, 1423 °K, and 1473 °K. The solubility of Co in the M7C3 phase and the solubility of Cr and C in the fcc phase have been determined by the high-temperature equilibration and quenching
technique. Appropriate mixtures of Cr7C3 + Co or M7C3 + Co + C were equilibrated and subsequently quenched in liquid nitrogen. The quenched samples were characterized by X-ray
diffraction and by metallographic examination. The studies were carried out on the samples to determine the homogeneity of
the sample as well as the phases and their composition. From the results, the compositional regions of the three-phase triangle
M7C3 + fcc + graphite could be accurately determined. The results show that the Co solubility in the Cr7C3 in the experimental temperature interval is higher than previous investigations performed at higher temperatures. 相似文献