Income and expenditure in a spatial economy

The question explored in this paper is whether the center attracts more spending by all agents in a spatial economy than do peripheral locations, and why this might be so. This is the macroeconomics pendant to the microeconomic concern with accessibility.This paper is the result of discussions on the subject of time and space in economics with my good friend, Tonu Puu. I dedicate it to the memory of another dear friend, Claude Ponsard.     

Interkulturelle Projektabwicklung — Dampfkraftwerk Neyveli, Indien

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

6-Phospho-{beta}-galactosidases of Gram-positive and 6-phospho-{beta}-glucosidase B of Gram-negative bacteria: comparison of structure and function by kinetic and immunological methods and mutagenesis of the lacG gene of staphylococcus aureus

The 6-phospho-ß-galactosidase of Staphylococcus aureus,Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus casei and 6-phospho-ßglucosidaseB of Escherichia coli build a subfamily inside a greater enzymefamily, named the glycosal hydrolase family 1, which, hi addition,contains nine ß-glycosidases of different origins.Kinetic and immunological evidence is provided in this reportwhich strengthens the relationship of the four 6-phospho-ß-glycosidases.It is shown that the 6-phospho-ß-galactosidases and6-phospho-ß-glucosidase B are able to split aromaticß-galactoside phosphates and ß-glucosidephosphates. The turnover numbers of hydrolysis of substrateswith different epimerization at C-4 of the glycon vary up to15-fold only. Two polydonal antisera, one derived against thenative 6-phospho-ß-galactosidase from S.aureus andthe other derived against the 6-phospho-ß-glucosidaseB, cross-reacted with both enzymes. Peptides of the proteinswere separated by reverse phase HPLC. The cross-reacting peptideswere sequenced and shown to be localized at almost the sameposition in the aligned primary structures of both enzymes.An insertion of nine amino adds near these antigenic domainsis unique for the 6-phospho-ß-glycosidases and missingwithin the sequences of the ß-glycoside-specific membersof the family. The lacG gene of a 6-phospho-ß-galactosidasenegative S.aureus mutant was doned into E.coli and sequenced.In the totally inactive mutant protein only the glycine at position332 was changed to an arginine. This amino acid is part of thesequence insertion near the antigenic domain reacting with bothantisera. These data support the assumption that the regionis of great importance for the function of the enzymes and thatit is possible it determines the specificity of the phosphorylatedform of the substrates. In addition, the 6-phospho-ß-galactosidaseof S.aureus was modified by sitedirected mutagenesis of thecorresponding lacG gene hi order to replace residues Glul60and Glu375, which were suspected of being involved hi the generalacid catalysis of substrate hydrolysis, with glutamine residues.The mutant protein 160EQ retained some catalytic activity whilethe protein 375EQ was totally inactive. Glu375 is the activesite nudeophile of the 6-phospho-ß-galactosidase ofS.aureus. It is located in the sequence motif ENG where Glu358was identified as the catalytkally active nudeophile hi theß-glucosidase of Agrobacterium.     

Using formalized temporal message-flow diagrams

Temporal message-flow diagrams (TMFDs), alternatively called sequence charts, interaction diagrams, event traces, or actor diagrams, are illustrations of a system's global message-passing activity over time, and a pictorial aid to understanding the system's behavior. They are widely used for requirements and documentation for network protocols and object-oriented applications. We present a general formalism for TMFDs, describe a suite of tools we have designed that employs this formalism, and present our experiences with these tools. The formalism and tools described serve to support and broaden the use of TMFDs in developing communicating systems.     

Diffusion soldering for stable high-temperature thin-film bonds

Diffusion soldering is a special bonding technique to produce joints at a moderate temperature that are subsequently stable at higher temperatures. The search for material systems extending the upper-temperature limit of stability requires information from the pertinent phase diagrams and the reaction kinetics. Combining experimental studies on phase equilibration in powder samples with bulk and thin-film diffusion couples is a useful approach for a systematic search. Promising candidates for dsoldering are Pt-In or Pd-In, and molybdenum is also an effective diffusion barrier against the attack of liquid tin.     

dc Electrical Degradation of Perovskite-Type Titanates: I, Ceramics

The rate of the resistance degradation of doped SrTiO₃ ceramics is investigated as a function of various external and material parameters. The effects of the mutually interrelated parameters dc voltage, dc electric field, and thickness of the dielectric are described by power laws. Electron microscopic potential contrast studies show a Maxwell-Wagner polarization leading to a concentration of the electric field at the grain boundaries during the degradation. Based on this finding, the voltage step per grain boundary, ΔΘ_gb, is introduced as a rate-determining parameter which allows an explanation of the influence of the grain size on the degradation rate as well as the difference in the power laws for ceramic and single-crystal samples.     

Practical Significance,Theory and Determination of Compatibility of Dyes on Synthetic-polymer Fibres

The compatibility of dyes is particularly important in regard to the time, reproducibility and levelness of dyeing. For basic dyes on acrylic fibres and anionic dyes on nylon, a characteristic of the dye—the compatibility value K— is valuable in determining whether it can be used in the same bath as others. Dyes having the same K-value are compatible under most dyeing conditions. For disperse dyes, K-values do not exist. In selecting such dyes for use together, other properties of the dyes and the concentrations to be used in the particular combination must be considered.     

Open annotations on multimedia Web resources

Many Web portals allow users to associate additional information with existing multimedia resources such as images, audio, and video. However, these portals are usually closed systems and user-generated annotations are almost always kept locked up and remain inaccessible to the Web of Data. We believe that an important step to take is the integration of multimedia annotations and the Linked Data principles. We present the current state of the Open Annotation Model, explain our design rationale, and describe how the model can represent user annotations on multimedia Web resources. Applying this model in Web portals and devices, which support user annotations, should allow clients to easily publish and consume, thus exchange annotations on multimedia Web resources via common Web standards.