Multi-Criteria Fuzzy-Based Decision Making Algorithm to Optimize the VHO Performance in Hetnets

Despite the seemingly exponential growth of mobile and wireless communication, this same technology aims to offer uninterrupted access to different wireless systems like Radio Communication, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi to achieve better network connection which in turn gives the best quality of service (QoS). Many analysts have established many handover decision systems (HDS) to enable assured continuous mobility between various radio access technologies. Unbroken mobility is one of the most significant problems considered in wireless communication networks. Each application needs a distinct QoS, so the network choice may shift appropriately. To achieve this objective and to choose the finest networks, it is important to select a best decision making algorithm that chooses the most effective network for every application that the user requires, dependent on QoS measures. Therefore, the main goal of the proposed system is to provide an enhanced vertical handover (VHO) decision making program by using a Multi-Criteria Fuzzy-Based algorithm to choose the best network. Enhanced Multi-Criteria algorithms and a Fuzzy-Based algorithm is implemented successfully for optimal network selection and also to minimize the probability of false handover. Furthermore, a double packet buffer is utilized to decrease the packet loss by 1.5% and to reduce the number of handovers up to 50% compared to the existing systems. In addition, the network setup has an optimized mobility management system to supervise the movement of the mobile nodes.     

The Variable Precision Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming Model and Strings

The Variable Precision Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming model (VPRSILP model) extends the Variable Precision Rough Set (VPRS) model to Inductive Logic Programming (ILP). The generic Rough Set Inductive Logic Programming (gRS-ILP) model provides a framework for ILP when the setting is imprecise and any induced logic program will not be able to distinguish between certain positive and negative examples. The gRS-ILP model is extended in this paper to the VPRSILP model by including features of the VPRS model. The VPRSILP model is applied to strings and an illustrative experiment on transmembrane domains in amino acid sequences is presented.     

Role of Bismuth incorporation on the structural and optical properties in BixIn35-xSe65 thin films for photonic applications

The present paper investigated the influence of Bi concentration on the structural, linear, and non-linear optical properties of thermally evaporated Bi_xIn_35-xSe₆₅ (x = 0, 5, 7, 10, 15 at %) thin films. The structural analysis by the XRD measurements showed the crystalline nature at 7 and 15% Bi while the other concentrations showed amorphous nature. The corresponding bonding change was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The optical study by UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the decrease in transmittance and an increase in absorbance property. The linear optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, optical density increased while skin depth decreased with Bi additives. The direct, as well as the indirect optical bandgap, decreased along with the decrease in the Tauc parameter. The variation is well explained on the basis of density of defect states by the Mott and Davis model. The non-linear refractive index and non-linear susceptibility increased significantly with Bi % which is good for non-linear optical applications. The static linear refractive index as calculated by the Dimirov and Sakha empirical relation showed an incremental behavior with Bi% concentration and satisfied Moss's rule. The surface structure and elemental concentration were analyzed by FESEM and EDX analysis. The result of the above investigation suggests that these materials can be used as an absorbing layer for several optoelectronic and photonic applications.     

Paramagnetic Quantum Dots as Multimodal Probes for Potential Applications in Nervous System Imaging

An axonal tracer that can be detected by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence is of great interest for studying nerve regeneration, particularly for spinal cord injury repairs. In this study, we develop a new type of multifunctional nanoparticle that combines three different functionalities of paramagnetism, fluorescence, and axonal tracing into one nanomaterial. We demonstrate that the new synthesized quantum dot nanoparticles have good biocompatibilities and can be readily taken up by cells. In addition, the quantum dots show excellent longitudinal and transverse relaxivities (i.e. r ₁ ?=?11.22?±?0.10 mM^?1 s^?1 and r ₂ ?=?24.50?±?0.51 mM^?1 s^?1) at 1.5 T, MRI contrast properties better than those of Magnevist®, a commercially available MRI contrast agent. The UV–vis absorbance spectra of all the pQDs-BDA samples indicate that these tracers are stable at different temperatures. Taken together, this new nanomaterial demonstrates good performances for both optical and MR imaging modalities, suggesting its promising potential applications in non-invasive imaging, particularly as a novel multimodal axonal tracer for nervous system imaging.     

A Na2WO4/H2WO4‐Based Highly Efficient Biphasic Catalyst towards Alkene Epoxidation,using Dihydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant

The tungsten‐containing biphasic catalytic system [Na₂WO₄/H₂WO₄/PTR/chloroacetic acid] effectively epoxidizes alkenes with 50% H₂O₂ as terminal oxidant, under organic solvent‐free conditions. The catalytic process is proposed to proceed via a dinuclear tungsten peroxo species with coordinated chloroacetic acid, as suggested by ESI‐MS measurements. The catalytic system is suggested to involve tungsten‐peroxo and/or peracetic acid type of epoxidation catalyzed by the tungsten(VI) in the presence of an organic acid and H₂O₂. The reaction conditions employed for various alkenes for epoxidation are mild compared to the earlier studies and result in high product selectivity and conversion rate.     

Dry ice as a novel chilling medium along with water ice for short-term preservation of fish Emperor breams, lethrinus (Lethrinus miniatus)

Emperor breams, lethrinus (Lethrinus miniatus) stored in a combination of dry ice and water ice at an optimum level of 20% and 50% were found to be in excellent condition up to 24 h without reicing. Total bacterial load ranged from 10⁴ to 10⁷ cfu/g, while total psychrophiles from 10² to 10⁴ cfu/g. Total lactics were found in the levels of 10¹ to 10² cfu/g. H₂S producers were detectable only on the 6th hour with a load of 10² cfu/g. Total coliforms and total anaerobic sulphite reducers did not show any consistent trend. TVB-N increased from 11.5 to 21.1 mg%, while TMA-N from 1.3 to 2.7 mg% in samples stored in the combination of dry ice and water ice. TVB-N and TMA-N in the samples stored only in water ice were found to be high. Hypoxanthine varied from 5.1 to 8.2 mg/100 g.     

Reliability of single strength under n-stresses

In this paper we have considered the reliability of a system when n-stresses acted on a single strength component with probability distributions that were exponential, normal and gamma. We infer that when n-stresses act on a single strength component with an exponential distribution, the component has the same reliability as single stress and strength components which are connected in series, whereas normal and gamma distributions do not follow this rule.     

Epidemiology of gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep in wet tropical conditions in Malaysia

A study on the seasonal variations in the population structure of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostronglyus colubriformis was conducted for a period of 12 months in a typical large scale sheep farm on improved pasture in Peninsular Malaysia which has a wet tropical climate. Successive groups of helminth-free tracer lambs were grazed for 4 weeks together with naturally infected sheep and were necropised for worm counts 2 weeks after their removal from the pasture. The monthly populations of H. contortus fluctuated slightly except in May and August during which more worms were found in the tracer animals. The numbers of T. colubriformis were comparatively high from October to December 1992 and again in March 1993, low during April and June 1992. Small numbers of hypobiotic larvae of H. contortus were detected in the tracer animals. Development and survival of infective larvae of H. contortus and T. colubriformis on pasture were investigated by spreading faeces containing eggs on grass plots in October 1993, February and May 1994. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae occurred within one week and their survival times were 7 weeks in the 3 experiments. The potential for control by rotational grazing is discussed.     

Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Peroxide‐Mediated C‐3 Functionalization of Flavones

An iron(III)‐catalyzed C‐3 functionalization of flavones has been achieved using tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB)/potassium persulphate (K₂S₂O₈) oxidant combinations with a suitable solvent. In the presence of iron(III)/tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate/potassium persulphate, the reaction of flavones in cycloalkanes afforded exclusive C‐3 cycloalkylation via C –C coupling, whereas the solvent N,N‐dialkylformamide provided C‐3 amidation via C –C coupling. Under identical reaction conditions just by switching the solvent to chlorobenzene, C‐3 methylated flavones were obtained where tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) served as the source of the methyl group.