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A computational method for the design of directional alloy solidification processes is addressed such that a desired growth velocity νf under stable growth conditions is achieved. An externally imposed magnetic field is introduced to facilitate the design process and to reduce macrosegregation by the damping of melt flow. The design problem is posed as a functional optimization problem. The unknowns of the design problem are the thermal boundary conditions. The cost functional is taken as the square of the L2 norm of an expression representing the deviation of the freezing interface thermal conditions from the conditions corresponding to local thermodynamic equilibrium. The adjoint method for the inverse design of continuum processes is adopted in this work. A continuum adjoint system is derived to calculate the adjoint temperature, concentration, velocity and electric potential fields such that the gradient of the L2 cost functional can be expressed analytically. The cost functional minimization process is realized by the conjugate gradient method via the FE solutions of the continuum direct, sensitivity and adjoint problems. The developed formulation is demonstrated with an example of designing the boundary thermal fluxes for the directional growth of a germanium melt with dopant impurities in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. The design is shown to achieve a stable interface growth at a prescribed desired growth rate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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The major objective of this study was to determine the fracture toughness and fracture surface energy of epoxy, epoxy/fly-ash, epoxy/carbon fibre, epoxy/carbon fibre/fly-ash, epoxy/glass fibre and epoxy/glass fibre/fly-ash composites. The quality of composite specimens was evaluated by the ultrasonic method. The results show that a fly-ash particle can arrest the crack path and thus improve the fracture properties of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) composites. The results of this study have further significance in view of the fact that fly-ash powder is far cheaper than carbon fibre, glass fibre and epoxy resin.  相似文献   
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Journal of Computer Science and Technology - Contents such as audios, videos, and images, contribute most of the Internet traffic in the current paradigm. Secure content sharing is a tedious issue....  相似文献   
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Treatment of 6-O-p-tolylsulfonyl starch with anhydrous potassium fluoride in boiling 1,2-dihydroxyethane afforded deoxyfluorostarches (D. S. Fluorine 0.18). Reaction of starch with hydrofluoric acid in dimethyl sulfoxide at −30 °C gave deoxyfluorostarches of high fluorine content (D. S. Fluorine 0.91). Chlorodeoxystarches have been prepared by the reaction of corn starch with (chloromethylene) dimethylimminium chloride in N, N′-dimethyl-formamide.  相似文献   
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Different synthetic products currently available and which find wide application as lubricants, are described, and their merits and demerits compared with the mineral based lubricants are outlined. Some of the major synthetic lubricants used in Indian industries are identified. The Indian chemical industry's potential to meet some of the requirements of synthetic lubricants is discussed and the need to create additional facilities in India for the manufacture of certain critical products, is described.  相似文献   
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Starch from sal seeds cake was isolated, bleached and purified. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch showed round to oval shaped granules of the size 3.5 to 12.3 μm. The starch has more nitrogen, phosphorus, lipids, amylose and water binding capacity in comparison to the other starches of forest origin. Despite its low and seemingly restricted swelling, the sal starch is much more soluble at any particular degree of swelling. Paste viscosity curve showed no drop in viscosity after full gelatinisation had taken place, i. e. the paste is stable on continued cooking.  相似文献   
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Wireless Personal Communications - In this paper a combination of rectangular and elliptical fractal geometry is applied on a regular hexagonal wide slot antenna fabricated using a FR4 substrate to...  相似文献   
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