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21.
Arturo J. Hernndez-Maldonado Gongshin Qi Ralph T. Yang 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》2005,61(3-4):212-218
Monolayer CuCl/γ-Al2O3 sorbent was studied for desulfurization of a commercial jet fuel (364.3 ppmw S) and a commercial diesel (140 ppmw S). The sorbent was prepared by means of spontaneous monolayer dispersion methods. Deep desulfurization (sulfur levels of <1 ppmw) was accomplished with this sorbent using a fixed-bed adsorber. The CuCl/γ-Al2O3 sorbent was capable of removing 6.4 and 11.2 mg of sulfur per gram for jet fuel at breakthrough (at <1 ppmw S) and saturation, respectively. The same sorbent was capable of removing 0.94 and 1.8 mg of sulfur per gram for BP diesel at breakthrough and saturation, respectively. The difference in sulfur capacities for jet fuel and diesel was apparently caused by the difference in concentrations of strongly binding compounds, such as nitrogen heterocycles, heavy (polynuclear) aromatics and fuel additives. In comparison with CuCl/γ-Al2O3, Cu(I)Y zeolite has higher sulfur capacities but is less stable and can be easily oxidized to Cu(II)Y by fuel additives (such as oxygenates) and moisture and consequently loses π-complexation ability. However, all these cuprous π-complexation sorbents selectively adsorb thiophenic compounds over aromatics and olefins (as predicted by the high separation factors), which resulted in the observed desulfurization capability. A feasibility study is shown for efficient regeneration of CuCl/γ-Al2O3 using ultrasound at ambient temperature. Possible problems associated with desulfurization using π-complexation sorbents for commercial fuels are discussed. 相似文献
22.
Summary The preparation of epoxy fatty acid ester plasticizers has been reviewed. These plasticizers can be prepared by epoxidation
reactions, utilizing a preformed peracid or anin-situ technique. A newin-situ epoxidation process, utilizing hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in the presence of strong acid catalyst, has been described.
Excellent conversions to epoxide have been achieved with a series of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated esters.
Epoxy fatty acid esters are excellent plasticizers for vinyl resins. Their performance in a series of additional epoxy plasticizers
of vegetable and marine origin is described. Novel epoxy plasticizers based upon mixed acetylated mono- and di-glyceride have
been prepared and are found to have excellent plasticizer performance.
Presented at the 28th fall meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, October 1954, Minneapolis, Minn. 相似文献
23.
Raman spectra of Graphon carbon black 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Raman spectrum of Graphon carbon black has been recorded using rotating cell techniques. Angular dependence of scattering at 1360, 1580 and 2700 cm?1 are reported and these data suggest that the 1360 cm?1 line is associated with non-planar microstructure distortions. The excitation frequency dependence of the intensity ratio of the bands at 1360 (D) and 1580 cm?1 (G) is interpreted in terms of resonance (vibronic) interaction. This dependence is primarily the result of an increase in the intensity of the 1360 cm ?1 line. The disorder-associated line (D) exhibits a significant excitation-dependent shift from 1378 cmi?1 (457.9 nm Ar+) to 1330 cm?1 (647.1 nm Kr+). The “graphite” (G) line position is less sensitive to changes in excitation frequency. The spectral features are discussed in terms of factor group, C6v4, and layer site symmetry, C3v. Also the possible role of localized alkene-like structure in zones of structural distortion is considered. 相似文献
24.
High-Thermal-Conductivity Aluminum Nitride Ceramics: The Effect of Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Microstructural Factors 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
T. Barrett Jackson Anil V. Virkar Karren L. More Ralph B. Dinwiddie Jr. Raymond A. Cutler 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(6):1421-1435
Improvement in the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride (AlN) can be realized by additives that have a high thermodynamic affinity toward alumina (Al2 O3 ), as is clearly demonstrated in the aluminum nitride-yttria (AlN-Y2 O3 ) system. A wide variety of lanthanide dopants are compared at equimolar lanthanide oxide:alumina (Ln2 O3 : Al2 O3 , where Ln is a lanthanide element) ratios, with samaria (Sm2 O3 ) and lutetia (Lu2 O3 ) being the dopants that give the highest- and lowest-thermal-conductivity AlN composites, respectively. The choice of the sintering aid and the dopant level is much more important than the microstructure that evolves during sintering. A contiguous AlN phase provides rapid heat conduction paths, even at short sintering times. AlN contiguity decreases slightly as the annealing times increase in the range of 1–1000 min at 1850°C. However, a substantial increase in thermal conductivity results, because of purification of AlN grains by dissolution-reprecipitation and bulk diffusion. Removal of grain-boundary phases, with a concurrent increase in AlN contiguity, occurs at high annealing temperatures or at long times and is a natural consequence of high dihedral angles (poor wetting) in liquidphase-sintered AlN ceramics. 相似文献
25.
Visual cryptography is an encryption technique that hides a secret image by distributing it between some shared images made up of seemingly random black‐and‐white pixels. Extended visual cryptography (EVC) goes further in that the shared images instead represent meaningful binary pictures. The original approach to EVC suffered from low contrast, so later papers considered how to improve the visual quality of the results by enhancing contrast of the shared images. This work further improves the appearance of the shared images by preserving edge structures within them using a framework of dithering followed by a detail recovery operation. We are also careful to suppress noise in smooth areas. 相似文献
26.
Ralph Schreiber Britta ReinkeCarsten Vogt Joachim WertherGerd Brunner 《Powder Technology》2003,138(1):31-38
Various particles with sizes between 100 and 200 μm were encapsulated with waxes commonly used in technical coating applications. For this, a homogeneous mixture of molten paraffin and supercritical carbon dioxide was prepared in an autoclave and injected into the high-pressure fluidized bed through a nozzle from the bottom. Due to the different conditions in the mixing autoclave and the fluidized bed, the paraffin precipitated in the vicinity of the nozzle and adhered to the solid particles. A complete, thin, uniform, and solvent-free coating was produced. The use of two paraffins with different alkane compositions resulted in dissimilar spreads on glass beads due to their different glass transition temperatures. A smaller pressure drop across the nozzle led to more uniform and even coatings. Glass beads, ceramic spheres, potassium chloride, and lactose showed similar coating results, whereas different morphologies were observed with a plastic material, characterized by a rougher surface and a lower surface energy. The high quality of the coating was confirmed by standard dissolution tests with coated potassium chloride crystals and lactose agglomerates. 相似文献
27.
Retardation of the gasification reaction of carbon with oxygen by SO2 was observed. Rates of oxidation were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of a nuclear graphite in the temperature range of 550–700°C, and of a coconut charcoal in the temperature range of 400–505°C. The oxidant gases were dry air containing 0–6% SO2. Reduction of the rate by SO2 varied with burn-off. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was also applied to detect the retardation effect of SO2. The technique of infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) was used to examine the surface species of reacted charcoal samples. Absorption bands were assigned to surface carbonyls, lactones, and a chemisorbed SO2 in the form of sulfate. Chemisorption of SO2 was attributed to cause the retardation of the oxidation reaction. 相似文献
28.
Ralph H. Cullen Chiu Shun Dan Wendy A. Rogers Arthur D. Fisk 《International journal of human-computer interaction》2014,30(7):533-546
Operators and users interacting with computer environments often have to deal with multiple tasks at once, responding to each in series. Diagnostic automation, that is, automation that alerts users when and where to look, has been suggested to support the unique challenges of multiple task environments: activating tasks, switching between tasks, and tasks interfering with each other. Automation is not always reliable, however. Because of the common interaction with novel systems and the importance of training, the Simultaneous Task Environment Platform program—a multiple-task environment—was developed to understand the effects of experience on interaction with these automation-supported systems, as well as what strategies were developed. It was found that participants became more efficient with experience only when they interacted with higher reliability automation. Furthermore, the strategies participants developed focused on the differences between tasks and patterns across those tasks. Automated systems training should be sure to employ these findings. 相似文献
29.
Geraniums (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) possess a pest-resistance mechanism, based on glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce, that has been shown to be effective against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Using an intact plant bioassay, the effectiveness of the resistance mechanism was determined for another potential pest, the foxglove aphid (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach). Comparisons were made between plant lines previously analyzed for their degree of resistance to mites, as well as their glandular trichome density and trichome exudate production. Over 100 aphid adults were bioassayed on each of the five plant lines used in the experiment. In addition to adult aphid survival, the production and survival of nymphs was determined in this bioassay. The results indicate that plant lines that are resistant to the two-spotted spider mite are also resistant to the foxglove aphid, while lines susceptible to mites are susceptible to the aphids. To evaluate the physical impediment features of the trichome exudate, the behavior of foxglove aphid nymphs was compared on two geranium lines, one a resistant line with high trichome densities and large quantities of exudate and the second a susceptible line with few trichomes and reduced exudate. A third leaf surface type was produced by washing the exudate from resistant leaves using a mildly basic buffer solution prior to the bioassay. Aphid behavior was divided into five categories: feeding or probing, resting, wandering, struggling, and immobilized. On both susceptible leaves and resistant leaves from which the exudate had been removed by washing, the aphids settled quickly and were observed with inserted stylets during most of the observation intervals. In contrast, aphids on the unwashed resistant leaf surfaces often became ensnared in the sticky trichome exudate and had difficulty in settling to probe the leaf. Physical entrapment by glandular trichome exudate appears to be an important aspect of aphid resistance in geraniums. 相似文献
30.
William W. Christie Elizabeth Y. Brechany Susan B. Johnson Ralph T. Holman 《Lipids》1986,21(10):657-661
The pyrrolidide and picolinyl ester derivatives of the fatty acids in two natural lipid samples rich in unsaturated fatty
acids, pig testis lipids and cod liver oil were satisfactorily resolved on capillary columns of fused silica coated with stationary
phases of varying polarity. The picolinyl esters, in particular, when subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on
a column containing a cross-linked methyl silicone, gave distinctive mass spectra, which could be interpreted in terms of
both the numbers and positions of the double bonds. 相似文献