Experimental and numerical iInvestigations of effects of silica colloids on transport of strontium in saturated sand columns

Transport experiments with strontium were conducted using saturated sand columns in the presence and absence of silica colloids, and numerical modeling was performed with modeling results compared to experimental data. The experiments were aimed at testing the hypothesis that under certain chemical conditions colloids act as movement-retarding agents and yield a larger effective retardation factor for the migrating contaminant. Four individual experiments were conducted to identify conditions where the mobility of silica colloids is increased or decreased, and a similar set was conducted for strontium transport in the absence of colloids. Mobility of colloids was found to increase with decreasing ionic strength and increasing pH, with the ionic strength having the more significant impact. The reverse effect was obtained for strontium. Based on these results, two additional experiments were conducted where both colloids and strontium were injected at the column inlet. Results showed that under certain conditions of ionic strength and pH (I = 3.0 x 10(-2) M and pH = 4-5.4) colloids retarded the movement of strontium. The retardation effect was obtained in two experiments under slightly modified conditions, which confirms the role of colloids as retarding agents. Afinite difference numerical model was used to (a) simulate mobile breakthrough curves and compare to experimental data and (b) estimate the model parameters describing cotransport of strontium and colloids. The model accurately predicted arrival time and the overall shape of the breakthrough curves.     

Meta-stereotype activation: Evidence from indirect measures for specific evaluative concerns experienced by members of dominant groups in intergroup interaction.

Six experiments demonstrated that dominant group members readily frame intergroup interaction in terms of how they themselves are evaluated. The authors used indirect measures of meta-stereotype activation to assess dominant group members' inclination to spontaneously consider an out-group member's (ostensible) stereotypic expectations about them. The necessary conditions for meta-stereotype activation were rather minimal, but the potential for evaluation by an out-group member—as opposed to mere exposure to the person—was required. Individual differences involving the importance accorded to social evaluation (public self-consciousness and personal importance of racial attitudes) were associated with meta-stereotype activation, whereas racial attitudes were not. Two studies in which evaluative orientation was manipulated directly demonstrated a link between thinking in terms of how one is viewed and the activation and application of meta-stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rheological properties of yeasted and nonyeasted wheat doughs developed under different mixing conditions

BACKGROUND: In order to explore the differences in rheological behaviour of full formula and flour/water doughs due to mixing, small‐amplitude oscillatory strain (SAOS) rheological measurements were made on fully developed nonyeasted and inactivated yeasted dough formulations mixed at various speeds using the Brabender Farinograph and the Bohlin ReoMixer. These results were compared with large‐strain empirical rheological results (including Kieffer rig uniaxial extension) as well as baking test results to determine differences due to mixer speed and/or flow distribution. RESULTS: The uniaxial extension and baking tests detected mixing speeds with incomplete dough development. Above those speeds, energy input to peak development was relatively constant in the Farinograph. Extensibility trends showed increases with speed in the yeasted dough samples, which were attributed to variation in fermentation time during mixing to peak torque at different speeds. While SAOS results did not show differences due to mixing speed, they did detect differences between the yeasted and nonyeasted dough formulations, as well as significant differences (P < 0.01) between yeasted doughs mixed in the two different mixers. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that known differences in the distribution of elongational and shear flows in the two mixers impact the development of dough structure during mixing. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Exploring Work and Family Distractions: Antecedents and Outcomes.

Drawing from expansionist theory and time-based role-conflict theory, this research investigated antecedents and outcomes of time spent in 1 role while distracted or preoccupied by another role. Survey data from a sample of 171 working mothers generally supported hypotheses linking work and family distractions to role quality. Work-role overload was positively related to work distractions experienced at home, and traditional gender-role expectations were positively related to family distractions experienced at work. In terms of outcomes, work distractions at home were negatively related to job satisfaction. Results illustrate the importance of role quality and the efficacy of alternate operationalizations of role time in the effort to better understand the interface between work and family. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aging and prospective memory: The influence of increased task demands at encoding and retrieval.

A feature of prospective memory tasks is that they tend to be embedded into other background activities. Two experiments examined how the demands of these background activities affect age differences in prospective memory. The first experiment showed that increasing the demands of the background activities (by adding a digit-monitoring task) significantly reduced prospective memory performance. Planned comparisons revealed that age differences in prospective memory were reliable only in the more demanding background condition. The second experiment revealed significant prospective memory declines when the demands were selectively increased at encoding for both younger and older adults. When the demands were selectively increased at retrieval, older adults were particularly affected. The authors propose a model that relies on both automatic retrieval processes and working memory resources to explain prospective memory remembering. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The cost of event-based prospective memory: Salient target events.

Evidence has begun to accumulate showing that successful performance of event-based prospective memory (PM) comes at a cost to other ongoing activities. The current study builds on previous work by examining the cost associated with PM when the target event is salient. Target salience is among the criteria for automatic retrieval of intentions according to the multiprocess view of PM. An alternative theory, the preparatory attentional and memory processes theory, argues that PM performance, including retrieval of the intent, is never automatic and successful performance always will come at a cost to other ongoing activity. The 4 experiments reported here used a salient PM target event. In addition, Experiments 3 and 4 were designed to meet the stringent criteria proposed for automatic retrieval of intentions by multiprocess theory, and, yet, in all 4 experiments, delayed intentions interfered with ongoing task performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LYOCELL纤维冷轧堆染色工艺

仅在数年之间Ｌｙｃｅｌｌ纤维即在市场中确立其地位，这主要是因为它可用来织造具有全新外观及手感的织物。而现在的焦点则是如何优化染整工艺流程。一方面由于这些纤维的染整加工仍是一个相当耗时的过程，这就要求研究如何缩短整个工艺的时间。另一方面要求能研究更进一步提高此类商品外观的生产、工艺及设备。目的就是减少皱折擦痕和由于不均匀原纤化引起的条印。整理工艺在这里起着重要的作用，而选择适当的工艺也很重要。当采用     

Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy

Nanoshells are a novel class of optically tunable nanoparticles that consist of a dielectric core surrounded by a thin gold shell. Based on the relative dimensions of the shell thickness and core radius, nanoshells may be designed to scatter and/or absorb light over a broad spectral range including the near-infrared (NIR), a wavelength region that provides maximal penetration of light through tissue. The ability to control both wavelength-dependent scattering and absorption of nanoshells offers the opportunity to design nanoshells which provide, in a single nanoparticle, both diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Here, we demonstrate a novel nanoshell-based all-optical platform technology for integrating cancer imaging and therapy applications. Immunotargeted nanoshells are engineered to both scatter light in the NIR enabling optical molecular cancer imaging and to absorb light, allowing selective destruction of targeted carcinoma cells through photothermal therapy. In a proof of principle experiment, dual imaging/therapy immunotargeted nanoshells are used to detect and destroy breast carcinoma cells that overexpress HER2, a clinically relevant cancer biomarker.     

Redox Signaling through DNA

Biological electron transfer reactions between metal cofactors are critical to many essential processes within the cell. Duplex DNA is, moreover, capable of mediating the transport of charge through its π-stacked nitrogenous bases. Increasingly, [4Fe4S] clusters, generally redox-active cofactors, have been found to be associated with enzymes involved in DNA processing. DNA-binding enzymes containing [4Fe4S] clusters can thus utilize DNA charge transport (DNA CT) for redox signaling to coordinate reactions over long molecular distances. In particular, DNA CT signaling may represent the first step in the search for DNA lesions by proteins containing [4Fe4S] clusters that are involved in DNA repair. Here we describe research carried out to examine the chemical characteristics and biological consequences of DNA CT. We are finding that DNA CT among metalloproteins represents powerful chemistry for redox signaling at long range within the cell.