A monolithically integrated high‐efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 mini‐module structured solely by laser

Monolithically integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ mini‐modules were fabricated in order to reduce the width of patterning related dead area. The Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ layers were prepared on soda‐lime glasses using the multistage process at low substrate temperature below 500 °C. A picosecond laser with a wavelength of 532 nm was used for all of the structuring processes (P1, P2, and P3) for the monolithic integration. A “lift‐off” type structuring was applied for P1 and P3, and an “ablation” type was for P2. The laser structuring was optimized to be minimizing the dead area width, and the width of about 70 µm was successfully achieved. A mini‐module, in which the optimized structuring processes were applied for the integration, demonstrated a certified efficiency of 16.6%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strukturaufklärung von ausgewählten nitro- und sulfonsäuresubstituierten 1,2-Naphthochinon-2-diaziden

Structure Determination of Selected Nitro and Sulfonic Acid Substituted 1,2-Naphthoquinone-2-diazides Selected nitro derivatives of 1,2-naphtoquinone-2-diazide 2 and 5 have been synthesized, the position of the NO₂-group has been unambigously determined by means of ¹H and ¹³C n.m.r. spectroscopy, and the structure of these compounds has been comprehensively determined in relation to unsubstituted 1 and sulfonic acid substituted derivatives 3 , 3a , 4 and 4a . Furthermore, the spectroscopical behaviour, especially in the uv/vis region, was examined in correlation to quantum chemical calculations.     

Zur Reaktion von N-Aryl-2,4-dimethyl-buta-1,3-dien-1,4-sultamen mit Tetracyanethylen; 1H-, 13C- und 15N-spektroskopische Charakterisierung der Tetracyan-ethylierungs- und Tricyan-vinylierungsprodukte

About the Reaction of N-Aryl-2,4-dimethyl-buta-1,3-dien-1,4-sultames with Tetracyanoethylene; ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N N.M.R. Spectroscopic Charcterization of the Products of Tetracyanethylation and Tricyanvinylation The 4-methyl group in N-aryl-2, 4-dimethyl-buta-1,3-dien-1, 4 sultames is C H-acidic and adds therefore to tetracyanethylene. The adducts easily lose HCN on dissolving in DMSO to form N-aryl-2-methyl-4-(2, 3, 3-tricyanoprop-2-ene-1-ylidene)-but-2-en-1, 4-sultames 4 , which form sodium salts at C-1. The structures of the compounds obtained were determined by ¹³C and ¹⁵N n.m.r. spectroscopy.     

Zur Chlorierung von N-Aryl-2,4-dimethyl-buta-1,3-dien-1,4-sultamen

About Chlorination of N-Aryl-2,4-dimethyl-buta-1,3-dien-1,4-sultames The sultames of structure 1 are easily chlorinated by sulfurylchloride, chlorine or tertbutylhypochlorite. The structure of the mono-( 2a-c,3a, d ), di-( 4a-d ), tri- ( 5c, d ) and pentachlorosultames ( 6a, b ) is determined by ¹³C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Contrary to the bromination the chlorination (by SO₂Cl₂) starts with the substitution of the sultamring (formation of mono- and di-chlorosultames) followed of the substitution of the (C-4)-CH₃- group (formation of trichlorosultames). By 1,4-addition of an other molecule of chlorine to 5 the pentachlorosultames 6a, b are obtained. Already by recrystalisation of 6a, b in an alcohol the chlorine in 4-position is exchanged by the corresponding alkoxy group (CH₃O, C₂H₅O, n-C₃H₇O) and the compounds 7-9 are formed.     

Wittig-Synthese und 13C-NMR-Analyse von pyridinanalogen Chalkonen

Wittig Synthesis and ¹³C-N.M.R. Investigation of Pyridineanalogous Chalcones Wittig type reaction of the three isomeric pyridinealdehydes with benzoylmethyl-enetriphenylphosphorane yields azachalcones 1a – c which have the E-configuration. The complete ¹³C-n.m.r. analysis of these compounds is reported. From the chemical shifts of the C_α-signals and on the basis of a Hammett relationship σ-values of the three isomeric pyridine groups are calculated and compared with other data.