Gleichgewichtsdarstellung und technische Apparate bei der Neutralisation alkalischer Wässer mit CO2

Equilibria and technical equipment for neutralization of alkaline water with CO₂. Alkaline water can be neutralized by means of carbonic acid. The particular advantages of this method are that there is no increase in the content of neutral salts and that the product water is well buffered and therefore does not favour corrosion. Furthermore, neutralization can easily be combined with an aeration. The paper discusses physico-chemical fundamentals and presents some neutralization devices.     

Catalytic Hydrogenations in Microemulsion Systems with Rh-TPPTS: Partial Hydrogenation of Sunflower Oil

The effect of the P/Rh ratio and the surfactant concentration on the partial hydrogenation of sunflower oil in Triton X-100 microemulsion systems with the water-soluble catalyst complex Rh-TPPTS has been studied. An unusual hindering effect of the surfactant on the production of elaidic acid and stearic acid as the oil is hydrogenated was observed. When increasing the concentration of Triton X-100 in the reaction medium from 3 to 15 wt%, the content of elaidic acid and stearic acid were lowered 21 and 34%, respectively. The maximum content of oleic acid was attained when the concentration of Triton X-100 was 15 wt%, obtaining a high content of 51.8% of oleic acid. When the ligand/metal ratio was higher, the reaction was slower but more selective to oleic acid. The Rh-TPPTS catalyst could be recycled up to 3 times after hydrogenation of sunflower oil by extracting the oil phase of a three-phase microemulsion system, observing a continuous deactivation of the catalyst.     

提高注射用头孢噻肟钠的成品率

在1.0g注射用头孢噻肟钠粉针制剂生产过程中,从影响成品率提高的各个环节入手,通过采取各个工序严格把关、对现有分装机缺陷进行改进等措施,1.0g注射用头孢噻肟钠成品率从97.15%提高到了98.51%.     

Improved microwave plasma cavity reactor for diamond synthesis at high-pressure and high power density

Microwave plasma assisted synthesis of diamond is experimentally investigated using high purity, 2–5% CH₄/H₂ input gas chemistries and operating at high pressures of 180–240 Torr. A microwave cavity plasma reactor (MCPR) was specifically modified to be experimentally adjustable and to enable operation with high input microwave plasma absorbed power densities within the high-pressure regime. The modified reactor produced intense microwave discharges with variable absorbed power densities of 150–475 W/cm³ and allowed the control of the discharge position, size, and shape thereby enabling process optimization. Uniform polycrystalline diamond films were synthesized on 2.54 cm diameter silicon substrates at substrate temperatures of 950–1150 °C. Thick, freestanding diamond films were synthesized and optical measurements indicated that high, optical-quality diamond films were produced. The deposition rates varied between 3 and 21 μm/h and increased as the operating pressure and the methane concentrations increased and were two to three times higher than deposition rates achieved with the MCPR operating with equivalent input methane concentrations and at lower pressures (≤ 140 Torr) and power densities.     

Derivation of an aquatic predicted no-effect concentration for the synthetic hormone, 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol

17alpha-Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen widely used in combination with other steroid hormones in oral contraceptives and in the contraceptive patch. EE2 has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents in the low nanogram -per-liter range and occasionally in surface waters in the U.S., U.K., Canada, Brazil, Germany, and elsewhere. The mode of action is receptor-mediated, and estrogen receptors exist in mammals and other vertebrates. A large number of studies on the effects of EE2 on aquatic organisms exist. One hundred English language studies published between 1994 and 2007, one as yet unpublished study, and findings published in conference proceedings (in German) were compared to published data quality criteria to identify the most relevant studies for deriving a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). Reproduction in fish was identified as the most sensitive end point in aquatic species. A species sensitivity distribution was constructed using no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for reproductive effects from 39 papers in 26 species, resulting in a median hazardous concentration at which 5% of the species tested are affected (HC5,50) of 0.35 ng/L. After comparing this HC5,50 to all of the laboratory and field-derived toxicity information available for EE2, we recommend using 0.35 ng/L as the PNEC for EE2 in surface water. This PNEC is below 95% of the existing NOECs for effects on reproduction and is also below virtually all of the NOECs for vitellogenin induction in the key fish reproduction studies.     

Organising a joint green European electricity market: the model ElGreen

In this paper, the features and the most important results of the computer model ElGreen will be presented. With the help of the computer model it is possible to simulate various promotion strategies for different technologies in all EU countries. Policies that can be selected are the most important price driven strategies (feed-in tariffs, investment subsidies, tax incentives), capacity driven instruments (tradable green certificates, national or international wide trading system) and a voluntary green pricing system.The following recommendations are derived:

(i)Regardless of which strategy is chosen credible sources must guarantee that the promotional strategy will survive a specified planning horizon;

(ii)The differences between either national trading, international trading or feed-in tariffs are very small if the design of the promotional system is optimised;

(iii)When introducing a TGC system it is of paramount importance that no mix up between existing and new capacities takes place.

     

Energy consumption analysis on a dedicated outdoor air system with rotary desiccant wheel

A dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) with rotary desiccant wheel is the combination of a desiccant dehumidification system and a vapor compression refrigeration system. An energy consumption model of this hybrid DOAS is established for its analysis. Coefficient of performance, COP, is appropriately defined for evaluation on performance of the hybrid DOAS. The results indicate that, compared with a conventional DOAS, energy savings are possible for the suggested DOAS, when solar energy or natural gas is used for regeneration. Ventilation air flow rate, temperature or humidity of outdoor air, as well as regeneration-to-process air ratio, influence the energy consumption and the COP of the hybrid DOAS, greatly.     

Economic and CO2 mitigation impacts of promoting biomass heating systems: An input–output study for Vorarlberg, Austria

This paper reports on an empirical investigation about the economic and CO₂ mitigation impacts of bioenergy promotion in the Austrian federal province of Vorarlberg. We study domestic value-added, employment, and fiscal effects by means of a static input–output analysis. The bioenergy systems analysed comprise biomass district heating, pellet heating, and automated wood chip heating systems, as well as logwood stoves and boilers, ceramic stoves, and buffer storage systems. The results indicate that gross economic effects are significant, regarding both investment and operation of the systems, and that the negative economic effects caused by the displacement of conventional decentralised heating systems might be in the order of 20–40%. Finally, CO₂ mitigation effects are substantial, contributing already in 2004 around 35% of the 2010 CO₂ mitigation target of the Land Vorarlberg for all renewable energy sources.     

Pathways and pitfalls of implementing the use of woodfuels in Germany's bioenergy sector

The paper presents an empirical study on the use of woody biomass for energy supply in Germany and the federal state of Brandenburg. It aims to explain the role forestry enterprises have for bioenergy provision in this area. The ‘Institutions of Sustainability’ framework is used as an analytical tool to investigate the role of private and public actors in these transactions, respectively, in the governance structures they are subject to. Empirical evidence was gathered by in-depth interviews with actors from forestry and bioenergy practice. Triggered by favorable governance structures, i.e. strong support by national and regional policies, rising prices for fossil energy sources, and co-operation of committed individuals and groups, a new bioenergy industry has been successfully established. However, the forestry sector has so far been just a marginal fuel supplier for this industry. The study identifies pitfalls impeding a broad implementation of wood-energy supply in forestry: not cost-covering prices offered by the bioenergy sector, lacking market transparency and security of supply, lacking mobilization of forest wood, and a preference among forest managers to sell products to the wood-processing industry. In terms of the Institutions of Sustainability the properties of transactions (asset specificities, uncertainties, separability), characteristics of actors (values, rationality) and governance structures (long-term contractual obligations elsewhere) are decisive in explaining the current form of transaction.     

Reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizers of varying water-soluble phosphorus content in different Indian soils

Studies were undertaken on the isolation and identification of reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate (ANP) fertilizers containing 30, 50 and 70 per cent water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) of total phosphorus in representative soils of the vertisol, oxisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of India. ANP fertilizers were applied in solid form to soil, and reaction products formed at and around the site of ANP fertilizer placement were identified after six weeks incubation in moist soils by X-ray diffraction technique. DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate- CaHPO₄ · 2H₂O) was the major reaction product of ANP fertilizers containing 30 and 50 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, aridisol, mollisol, oxisol and alfisol, and of ANP containing 70 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, alfisol, aridisol and mollisol. DCP (dicalcium phosphate-CaHPO₄) was detected with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP in the vertisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of soils. In addition to DCPD, FePO₄ · 2H₂O (metastrengite) and AlPO₄ · 2H₂ O-monoclinic (metavariscite) were formed in alfisol and oxisol soils with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP. FePO₄ · 2H₂O and AlPO₄ · 2H₂O (metavariscite) were identified in alfisol and oxisol soils while AlPO₄ · 2H₂O-orthorhombic (variscite) was formed in alfisol soils with ANP of 70 per cent WSP.