全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4488篇 |
免费 | 439篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 51篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
化学工业 | 1271篇 |
金属工艺 | 88篇 |
机械仪表 | 198篇 |
建筑科学 | 199篇 |
矿业工程 | 14篇 |
能源动力 | 111篇 |
轻工业 | 998篇 |
水利工程 | 34篇 |
石油天然气 | 40篇 |
无线电 | 227篇 |
一般工业技术 | 732篇 |
冶金工业 | 215篇 |
原子能技术 | 11篇 |
自动化技术 | 738篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 12篇 |
2023年 | 57篇 |
2022年 | 178篇 |
2021年 | 235篇 |
2020年 | 169篇 |
2019年 | 167篇 |
2018年 | 246篇 |
2017年 | 271篇 |
2016年 | 295篇 |
2015年 | 175篇 |
2014年 | 224篇 |
2013年 | 387篇 |
2012年 | 320篇 |
2011年 | 300篇 |
2010年 | 230篇 |
2009年 | 224篇 |
2008年 | 198篇 |
2007年 | 167篇 |
2006年 | 114篇 |
2005年 | 187篇 |
2004年 | 183篇 |
2003年 | 132篇 |
2002年 | 61篇 |
2001年 | 36篇 |
2000年 | 37篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 68篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 27篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1941年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4930条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Enterotoxigenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> strains bind bovine milk gangliosides in a ceramide-dependent process 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main infectious disease of newborn calves. The first step of infection involves bacterial attachment to the
intestinal mucosa. This adhesion is mediated by fimbriae that recognize some glycoconjugates on the host cell surface, in
particular, several gangliosides. Because milk also contains gangliosides, these have been suggested to serve as ligands for
bacterial fimbriae and thus prevent the bacterial attachment to mucosa. The most relevant ETEC strains in calves, including
those with K99 and F41 fimbriae, were assayed to determine whether they are able to bind gangliosides isolated from several
stages of bovine lactation. Both GM3 and GD3, the main gangliosides of milk, were recognized by ETEC strains, although the
different fimbriae showed diverse levels of affinity. Unexpectedly, the adhesion to colostral gangliosides was considerably
weaker than that to gangliosides from the other stages of lactation. Because the carbohydrate moiety did not change and because
differences in the percentages of unsaturated FA and sphingosine between colostrum and other stages were observed, we conclude
that the differences in adhesion could be due to a different composition of the ganglioside caramide. 相似文献
32.
Comparative electrochemical studies of zinc chromate and zinc phosphate as corrosion inhibitors for zinc 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The anticorrosive performance of two inhibitive pigments, zinc chromate and zinc phosphate, was compared using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) in pigment extracts in 0.1 M NaCl. It was observed that zinc was protected from corrosion in both extracts. In tests using hot dip galvanised steel painted with an epoxy primer incorporating the pigments, the SVET detected the anodic and cathodic distribution along the scribes, although no significant differences were observed among the various primers. On the contrary, EIS was able to distinguish processes occurring on the metal surface exposed by the scribe in different samples. For primers with anticorrosive pigment, a time constant at high frequencies was attributed to a layer of protective nature, probably formed by metal ions from the substrate and inhibitive ions leached from the anticorrosive pigments. 相似文献
33.
M.?MelgosaEmail author R.?Huertas E.?Hita J.?M.?Roa F.?J.?Heredia J.?Alba M.?J.?Moyano 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(4):323-330
A new color scale was developed from a broad data set of 1700 virgin olive oil samples over four crop seasons, which can be
considered highly representative of the whole color range of virgin olive oils available in Spain. This color scale provides
a new set of 60 color standards, improving the results achieved by the old 60-color standards proposed by the bromthymol blue
method. Seeking the greatest possibility of including a near match between colors of virgin olive oils and proposed standards,
we developed our new color scale using a recent uniform color space, with standards placed in a regular rhombohedral lattice
like the one employed by the Uniform Color Scales of the Optical Society of America. The average color difference between
each of the 1700 virgin olive oils and its nearest standard is reduced from 8.17 CIELAB units, using the bromthymol blue standards,
to 3.99 CIELAB units using the new standards. Within a color tolerance of 7.0 CIELAB units, 93.2% of our virgin olive oils
can be classified with the new standards, but only 59.1% with the bromthymol blue ones. In the interest of future adoption,
the performance of the new color standards should be tested by industry and researchers. 相似文献
34.
The current study investigates the combustion and blast furnace injection performance of three Brazilian subbituminous coals (Mina do Recreio) and their beneficiation products using laboratory scale combustion tests. The coals have relative high ash yields (up to 40 wt%) that were reduced stepwise to levels as low as 12 wt%, dry basis. The reduction of ash yields is paralleled by a significant decrease in sulphur and inertinite contents.The combustion tests were performed in a drop tube reactor operating at 1300 °C using two different atmospheres (2.5 and 5% O2). The chars exhibited preferentially rounded shapes with thick walls and abundant secondary porosity for the 2.5% O2 chars, whereas the 5% O2 chars showed very thin walls as a consequence of extensive burnout. The intrinsic reactivities of both set of chars were similar. The differences in conversion between the two working atmospheres were 24-37% and roughly tend to increase with increasing mineral matter content. Conversions as high as 76-81% were reached operating under 5% O2 indicating that the coals are easy to burn. The small differences in burnout among the coals and their beneficiation products cannot be clearly attributed neither to mineral matter or inertinite content. A rough inverse relationship was found between the intrinsic reactivity of the chars and the inertinite content of the parent coal indicating that the char material derived from inertinite was intrinsically less reactive than that derived from vitrinite. These differences were no longer relevant at high temperature.Blast furnace injection performance was studied through thermobalance experiments using CO2 atmosphere and 1050 °C temperature. It is apparent that the beneficiation process has no effect on the reactivity of the coals from Recreio Mine. The only exception is the low ash coal-2-LabB (11.5 wt%), for which a higher reactivity is indicated. The reactivity tests show also that the coals have adequate properties to be used together with imported coal blends in pulverized coal injection in the blast furnace (PCI). 相似文献
35.
Guimes Rodrigues Filho Leandra Cardoso Toledo Daniel Alves Cerqueira Rosana Maria Nascimento de Assunção Carla da Silva Meireles Harumi Otaguro Sizue Ota Rogero Ademar Benévolo Lugão 《Polymer Bulletin》2007,59(1):73-81
Summary In this article, cellulose acetate produced through the homogeneous acetylation of sugar cane bagasse cellulose was used to
produce membranes, using poly(ethyleneglycol) 600 (PEG 600) as an admixture. The membranes were characterized using water
flux measurements (Payne’s cup), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and neutral red uptake (cytotoxicity). The results
showed that PEG 600 acts as a crystallinity inductor and/or pore former in the cellulose acetate matrix. The induction of
crystallinity is important for this system since it had not been reported on the literature yet. The results also demonstrated
that the studied membranes present a nontoxic behavior. 相似文献
36.
Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO3 solution were included as controls.Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH3, 0-59.6; N2, 0-4.9; N2O, 0-9.9; KMnO4-N, 0-1.3; CH3ONO, 0-<0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH3) maximum NO
2
-
concentration (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N) and organic C content (N2, N2O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.
Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO3 foram incluidos como controles.O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH3, 0-59.6; N2, 0-4.9; N2O; 0-9.9; KMnO4-N, 0-1.3; CH3ONO, 0-<0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH3), concentração máxima de NO 2 - (N2, N2O, KMnO4-N) e teor de C orgânico (N2, N2O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.相似文献
37.
It is shown that using transition metals, especially Mn(II) and Ag(I), during ozonation of humic substances in water allows important reductions in the content of organic matter. Characterization of the organic compounds resulting from ozonation was made by concentrating the sample through liquid-liquid extraction or derivation with PFBOA.HCl, along with the GC/MS and GC/ECD techniques. In total, 110 different organic compounds were identified using GC/MS; mainly carboxylic acids, aromatics, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and furan-carboxylic acids. The percentages of elimination or formation levels reached during ozonation are discussed. 相似文献
38.
A.?de?Lucas J.?Rincón I.?GraciaEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2003,80(2):181-188
Supercritical CO2 extraction is a viable alternative process for the extraction of high-quality oil from olive husk (also known as olive pomace),
a residue obtained in the production of olive oil. We analyzed the effect of pressure (100–300 bar), temperature (40–60°C),
solvent flow (1–1.5 L/min), and particle size (0.30–0.55 mm) on four important quality parameters of the oil extracted with
CO2: tocopherol concentration, extinction coefficients at 232 and 270 nm, and saponification value. Response surface methodology
was used to obtain mathematical expressions related to the operating variables and parameters studied. Results from these
experiments were also used to design a three-step sequential CO2 extraction procedure to obtain a higher-quality extract. The optimal operational sequence consisted of a first extraction
step at 75 bar for 1 h using 1% (vol/vol) ethanol modifier, followed by a second extraction stage at 350 bar for 2.5 h without
ethanol and a third step, also at 350 bar, for 2.5 h but using ethanol. These extraction conditions obtained an intermediate
fraction of oil with 64% yield and all normal parameters according to European Commission food legislation. This fraction
is suitable without any further refining. On the contrary, the oils obtained by hexane extraction and by conventional supercritical
CO2 extraction at optimal conditions are suitable for human consumption after further refining. This last finding may result
in improved economics of the sequential CO2 extraction process compared to the conventional extraction method with hexane. 相似文献
39.
The paper deals with the control problem of discrete‐time nonlinear systems. The main contribution of this note is to present conditions that assure the existence of stationary policies that generate lower bounds for the minimal long‐run average cost. These lower bounds coincide with the optimal solution when a mild convergence assumption holds. To illustrate the results, the paper presents an application for the simultaneous state‐feedback control problem, and the derived strategy is used to design a real‐time simultaneous control for two direct current motor devices. The dynamics of these two devices are written in terms of a nonlinear algebraic matrix recurrence, which in turn represents a particular case for our general nonlinear approach. The optimal gain for the corresponding simultaneous state‐feedback problem is obtained, and such a gain was implemented in a laboratory testbed to control simultaneously the two direct current motors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
40.
Maciej Klis Agnieszka Michota Slawomir Sek Renata Bilewicz 《Electrochimica acta》2007,52(18):5591-5598
Cerrena unicolor laccase was immobilized on the gold electrode by covalent bonding to self-assembled monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic or mercaptopropionic acids. STM images of immobilized laccase proved high population of the laccase molecules on the monolayer modified electrode. The SERS experiments in concert with resonance Raman effect confirmed that the structure at the “blue” copper site of the immobilized protein remained intact. The accessibility of individual copper sites for electron exchange with the gold electrode surface was investigated by voltammetry. The electrode behavior of laccase is different in the presence and absence of oxygen, showing that the immobilized enzyme is reactive towards oxygen. Addition of two common mediators improved the electrical connectivity of the enzyme with the electrode, increased the catalytic efficiency of immobilized laccase and switched the onset of catalytic current to the potentials of the mediator. Immobilization of laccase on well-organized mercaptoundecanoic acid separates efficiently the enzyme from the electrode and does not allow easy access of mediators to the surface. Attachment of the enzyme at smaller distance from the electrode by means of significantly shorter spacer molecule—mercaptopropionic acid improved the efficiency of catalytic reduction of oxygen on the monolayer modified electrode. 相似文献