Superionic conductivity and switching effect with memory in TlInSe<Subscript>2</Subscript> and TlInTe<Subscript>2</Subscript> crystals

The temperature dependences of the conductivity σ(T) and the switching and memory effects in one-dimensional TlInSe₂ and TlInTe₂ single crystals have been studied. A specific feature is found in the dependence σ(T) above 333 K, which is related to the transition of crystals to the state with superionic conductivity. It is suggested that the ion conductivity is caused by the diffusion of Tl⁺ ions over vacancies in the thallium sublattice between (In³⁺Te₂²⁻)⁻ and (In³⁺Se₂²⁻)⁻ nanochains (nanorods). S-type switching and memory effects are revealed in TlInSe₂ and TlInTe₂ crystals, as well as voltage oscillations in the range of negative differential resistance. It is suggested that the switching effect and voltage oscillations are related to the transition of crystals to the superionic state, which is accompanied by “melting” of the Tl sublattice. The effect of electric-field-induced transition of TlInSe₂ and TlInTe₂ crystals to the superionic state is found.     

Development of cross-linguistic variation in speech and gesture: Motion events in English and Turkish.

The way adults express manner and path components of a motion event varies across typologically different languages both in speech and cospeech gestures, showing that language specificity in event encoding influences gesture. The authors tracked when and how this multimodal cross-linguistic variation develops in children learning Turkish and English, 2 typologically distinct languages. They found that children learn to speak in language-specific ways from age 3 onward (i.e., English speakers used 1 clause and Turkish speakers used 2 clauses to express manner and path). In contrast, English- and Turkish-speaking children's gestures looked similar at ages 3 and 5 (i.e., separate gestures for manner and path), differing from each other only at age 9 and in adulthood (i.e., English speakers used 1 gesture, but Turkish speakers used separate gestures for manner and path). The authors argue that this pattern of the development of cospeech gestures reflects a gradual shift to language-specific representations during speaking and shows that looking at speech alone may not be sufficient to understand the full process of language acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding Cultural Interfaces in the Landscape: A Case Study of Ancient Lycia in the Turkish Mediterranean

Landscapes by definition include interactions between man and nature. Our actions, perceptions and beliefs create and shape the landscape over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of the Lycian landscape in the Turkish Mediterranean, testing an approach based on interpreting cultural interfaces. Interfaces between past and present, between man and nature, between culture and space and between the visual and the spiritual were evaluated in relation to a selection of specific landscape elements: ancient tombs and local vernacular structures. The Lycians constructed tombs to be their houses for the afterlife using the inspiration of their actual houses. The persistence and the continuity of the original design and construction techniques utilised in the tombs, still found today in granaries, beehives and chimneys, was explored in terms of the types of cultural interface. The results of the study showed that the authenticity of the Lycian landscape is a unique agreement between past and present on land sharing the same knowledge and forms, and in this respect cultural interface can be an instinctive communication tool between pattern, process and product in understanding the associative cultural values within the landscape that are worthy of conservation.     

Polymorphic transformation of Cu<Subscript>1.80</Subscript>Te crystals

The polymorphic transformation of Cu_1.80Te crystals has been studied by X-ray diffraction at temperatures from 290 to 1100 K. The low-temperature, hexagonal phase has been shown to transform to an fcc phase at 730 K. The transformation is reversible. From the temperature-dependent lattice parameters of the two phases, we have evaluated their thermal expansion coefficients.     

The Identification of Job Satisfaction under Z-Information

Complexities in organizational and economical environments have lead psychologists, management scholars, and economists to investigate the multi-dimensional essence of job satisfaction. Unfortunately, existing studies are based on exact data, whereas relevant information is imperfect. To deal with imprecise and partially reliable information, Zadeh proposed the concept of a Z-number. In this paper we consider the Z-number valued rule based model to represent the relationship between job satisfaction and the facets/factors influencing job satisfaction. A real-world job satisfaction index evaluation problem is used to illustrate the suggested approach     

Control of Some Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts by Dehydrated Allium Extracts

The antifungal activities of dehydrated garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and leek (Allium porrum L.) against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Metschnikowia fructicola were investigated. Inhibition activities of the ethyl alcohol or acetone extracts of dehydrated Allium species were studied by disc-diffusion and broth dilution methods. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were found in the range of 75 and 100 mg/mL (w/v). Ethyl alcohol extracts of dehydrated onion (Allium cepa L.) in the range of 75 and 175 mg/mL were determined as the most inhibitory MIC and MFC for A. niger, F. oxysporum and C. albicans respectively. The extracts possess antifungal activity against some of the tested filamentous fungi and yeasts at various concentrations. Received: July 8, 2008; accepted: July 30, 2008     

Preferential Nucleation of Metallic Clusters on a Nanotemplate: Co on Oxygen-Faceted Re(12 \overline{3} 1)

Preferential nucleation of cobalt nanoclusters at specific sites on oxidized faceted Re(12 $ \overline{3} $ 1) is investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). An oxygen terminated nanofaceted Re surface containing ridges and valleys is used as the nanotemplate in this study. Deposition of cobalt onto this surface, followed by annealing to ~800 K, results in preferential cobalt nanocluster nucleation and growth within the valleys of the nanofaceted surface. Decreasing the nanofacet width, cobalt coverage, and annealing temperature lead to the same preferential cobalt nanocluster self assembly, an increase in nanocluster density, and a decrease in nanocluster volume. The preferential nucleation and growth observed for Co nanoclusters on faceted Re makes this a model system for future studies of different substrates and metallic overlayers more relevant to catalytic reactions.