Depth of processing and interference effects in the learning and remembering of sentences.

In 2 experiments with a total of 140 undergraduates, Ss who completed the last words of sentences they read learned more than Ss who simply read whole sentences. This facilitation was observed even with sentences that were almost always completed with the wrong words. However, proactive interference attributable to acquisition errors appeared on recall and recognition tests administered after a 1-wk interval. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of chemical assessment of quality in the economics of tea production in Malawi

The effect of nitrogen fertiliser application on the price of teas made in Malawi is quantified through the intermediate relationships of applied nitrogen upon shoot flavanol composition, and between manufactured tea theaflavin content and price. Combining the effect of fertiliser on price and yield allows estimates of the economically optimum level of application to be made. The effects of variations in physical relationships and of prices of tea and fertiliser are assessed.     

Self-administered intravenous infusion of hypertonic solutions and sodium appetite of sheep.

Studied the effects of self-administered iv infusion of hypertonic NaCl, mannitol, glucose, urea, or isotonic NaCl on Na appetite. 22 Merino-Cross sheep were trained to barpress to replace Na deficits of 300–500 mmol. During basal conditions, each delivery to a drinking cup was 15 ml of .6 M NaHCO? (9 mmol). In the experimental situation, an iv infusion was given automatically with each delivery to the drinking cup. Ingestion of NaHCO? solution was significantly reduced by all hypertonic solutions, the largest decrease being caused by hypertonic NaCl or mannitol. The decreased intake was observed within 10 (with infusion of hypertonic NaCl, mannitol, or glucose) or 20–40 (with urea infusion) minutes, irrespective of whether water was concurrently available to drink. At 20 min, plasma Na was increased by hypertonic NaCl, decreased by mannitol or glucose, and not changed by urea. CSF Na concentration was increased by all hypertonic solutions. In regard to the "turn-off" of Na appetite by systemic infusion, data are consistent with the theory of neural cells within the blood–brain barrier responsive to changes of Na concentration or osmolality in their environment. In contrast, water intake was stimulated by hypertonic NaCl or mannitol but not by urea or glucose. Results suggest that the sensors involved in thirst (e.g., osmoreceptors) are in an area of the brain lacking the blood–brain barrier. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Can you repeat that? Qualitative effects of repetition and advance organizers on learning from science prose.

88 female college students who did not have strong backgrounds in natural science listened to a short passage about radar or Ohm's law either 1, 2, or 3 times. Overall amount recalled increased with number of presentations, but there was a pattern in which recall of conceptual principles and related information increased sharply with repetition, whereas recall of formal equations and concrete analogies did not. In addition, problem-solving performance increased with number of repetitions, but verbatim recognition declined. Advance organizers presented before a single presentation tended to produce recall and problem-solving performance most similar to that obtained with repeated presentations. Results suggest that Ss tend to use qualitatively different reading strategies on the 1st presentation of science prose than on the 3rd presentation. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of the reader's schema at different points in time.

In 2 experiments, 215 high school sophomores and juniors and 71 undergraduates were instructed to take a distinctive point of view while reading and recalling a story. Perspectives assigned before reading, shortly after reading, and long after reading all had substantial effects on recall. Results are interpreted to mean that the schema brought into play by the perspective instructions selectively enhanced encoding when operative during reading and selectively enhanced retrieval when operative during attempts at recall. The schema operative during reading appeared to influence not only the likelihood that certain text elements would be learned but also their longevity in memory. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of drag reducing polymers on initiation of atherosclerosis

Results from two pilot studies using White Carneau pigeons on high cholesterol diets have demonstrated substantial reduction in arterial plaque accumulations when the birds were periodically injected with dilute aqueous solutions of a drag reducing polymer (Separan AP-30) so as to maintain circulating blood concentrations of approximately 60 ppm. Initiation of arterial plaque formation may be fluid-mechanically motivated such that regions subjected to fluid turbulence, rapidly developing boundary layers, and alternate separation and reattachment, arc; the most prone lo attack. Viscoelastic fluid response, as seen in drag reducing media, is known to alter such phenomena. Comparative documentation of plaque deposition in experimental as well as control birds shows significant differences in both the aortas and coronary arteries, at optical magnifications from 20 to 15000X.     

Metal oxide-semiconductor capacitors on silicon carbide

The purpose of the work discussed in this paper is to determine the feasibility of using Silicon Carbide for making surface field effect devices such as MOSFET's. The device used for making such a determination is the MOS capacitor.This paper discusses briefly the oxidation of Silicon Carbide. The techniques used to make MOS capacitors are outlined, and experimental data are presented which show that it is possible to use Silicon Carbide for constructing surface field effect devices.     

RANDOM COEFFICIENT AUTOREGRESSIVE PROCESSES:A MARKOV CHAIN ANALYSIS OF STATIONARITY AND FINITENESS OF MOMENTS

Abstract. Simple yet practically efficient conditions for the ergodicity of a Markov chain on a general state space have recently been developed. We illustrate their application to non-linear time series models and, in particular, to random coefficient autoregressive models.
As well as ensuring the existence of a unique stationary distribution, geometric rates of convergence to stationarity are ensured. Moreover, sufficient conditions for the existence and convergence of moments can be determined by a closely related method. The latter conditions, in particular, are new.     

Internal oxidation of lead-tin alloys

From the measurement of the widths of internal oxidation zones in dilute Pb-Sn alloys, the product of the solubility N _o ^(s) and diffusivity D_o of oxygen in lead was obtained from 225 to 320° C. The enhancement factor for Sn was calculated from the experimental values of N _o ^(s) D_o and compared to the results obtained by x-ray fluorescence measurements. The results indicated that the aging of Pb-Sn alloys observed at high temperatures is due to internal oxidation which causes the migration of tin toward the specimen surface.