MODELING the VIBRATIONAL RESPONSE of PLANTAIN FRUITS

Plantain fruits of the plantain subgroup ( Musa AAB Group) were obtained at a green stage and used in this study. the fruits were labelled for identification, and stored in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 20C and relative humidity of 90 ± 4%. On daily basis, for a period of 14 days, the fruits were removed from the storage chamber and each was weighed to record the mass. They were vibrated vertically on a vibration exciter through a range of frequencies from 10 to 2000 Hz. the frequency response was modeled by a single-degree-of-freedom Kelvin model. the mass of the fruit, the stiffness, the natural frequency and the critical damping all decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with storage time. There was no significant change (p > 0.05) in the damping coefficient of the fruit. the damping ratio decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with storage time. the models that described the changes in these parameters with storage time were obtained by stepwise regression, and are also presented. It was concluded that a single degree-of-freedom model provides satisfactory results of the vibrational characteristics of intact plantain fruit.     

DECOMPOSITION OF TURMERIC CURCUMINOIDS AS AFFECTED BY LIGHT,SOLVENT AND OXYGEN1

Turmeric curcuminoids are important natural pigments but their instability limits their use in many foods. This study was conducted to examine light-induced degradation of turmeric curcumin as affected by solvent system and oxygen. The rate constants and half-lives were determined for purified curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin exposed to 1450 lux using reversed-phase HPLC. Rates of degradation of each pigment followed first-order kinetics. Differences in rate constants and half-lives between the individual pigments were minor in an acetic acid-NaCl solution; however, in methanol, large differences in stability to light of the individual pigment were observed. Stability of all the pigments to light was several fold greater in methanol than in acid brine. In methanol sparged with air, stability to photooxidation was curcumin > demethoxycurcumin > bis-demethoxycurcumin. In methanol, curcumin was more stable than the other curcuminoids when sparged with air than when sparged with nitrogen. In methanol sparged with nitrogen, demethoxycurcumin was the most stable pigment. All of the pigments were stable in the dark.     

Apparent diffusion coefficient determination of sodium hydroxide through potato skin and flesh under different temperatures and concentration conditions

The aims of the present study were to analyze the most important chemical reactions between sodium hydroxide and potato constituents involved in potato chemical peeling, and to measure the apparent diffusivity of NaOH in potato skin and flesh separately, as a function of temperature and NaOH concentration, selected according to potato chemical peeling process. Chemical reaction of the suberin of the potato skin with NaOH was proposed as the most important one to promote chemical peeling. Whereas starch hydrolysis, middle lamella dissolution and cell wall disruptions were proposed as the principal chemical reactions in flesh. Experiments to determine NaOH apparent dijfusivities in skin and flesh were performed following a cell diffusion method at 25, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C temperatures and concentrations of 4, 12 and 20 g NaOH/100 g of solution. Finally, correlation equations were determined to describe apparent diffusivity dependence on temperature and concentration.     

Transistor equivalent circuits

This paper surveys the history of the electric-circuit representation of the transistor over the past fifty years. During the first two decades after the transistor was announced in 1948, primary emphasis was on small-signal equivalent circuits, which could be used for linear-circuit analysis and design. In addition, parameters of many of these equivalent circuits for the bipolar junction transistor, which are described, were related to the physical construction of the device. Approximately two-thirds of the paper is devoted to this period, when the writer personally contributed to this effort. By the beginning of the third decade, transistor circuits had became more complex, and circuit analysis was carried out with the help of digital computers. Interest then shifted away from small-signal equivalent circuits to “models” for computer-aided circuit design (CACD). This transition, including the models used in the widely used CACD program SPICE, is described. MOS transistors are treated only briefly; by the time MOS transistors became commercially viable devices, emphasis then also had shifted to “models” for CACD. In conclusion, the writer notes that there is still hope for us aficionados of small-signal equivalent circuits; new types of transistors are still being characterized in this manner     

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced prolactin release in hypothyroid patients

VIP is an established prolactin-releasing factor. VIP gene expression at the anterior pituitary level and the central nervous system is regulated by thyroid hormones. On the other hand, primary hypothyroidism leads in many cases to amenorrhea, galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. In this study we assessed prolactin responses to VIP (75 micrograms iv infusion over 12 min) in a group of six hypothyroid women (mean age +/- SE, 38.8 +/- 3.3 yr; serum TSH levels, mU/L, 116.3 +/- 23.9), before treatment and after normalization of thyroid hormone levels during thyroxine (T4) replacement therapy (100-150 micrograms/day over 12-16 weeks). Furthermore, we assessed if VIP infusion had any effects on serum GH levels in these patients. In hypothyroid women, VIP infusion increased serum prolactin concentrations with peak levels being attained at 15 min (28.8 +/- 3.4 micrograms/L). The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 1921 +/- 103 micrograms/L/2h. PRL responses to VIP were unchanged after T4 therapy, both in terms of peak levels (28.7 +/- 2.2 micrograms/L, NS) and of AUC (2079 +/- 261 micrograms/L/2h, NS). Serum GH levels were unaffected by VIP administration. In conclusion our study shows that, in hypothyroid patients, restoration of normal thyroid hormone levels by thyroxine replacement therapy does not affect lactotroph responsiveness to VIP. Therefore, our data do not support the hypothesis that VIP might contribute to the hypothyroid-induced hyperprolactinemia seen in man.     

Psychological testing in evaluation of child sexual abuse

In order to assess the utility of psychological testing in evaluating allegations of child sexual abuse, the empirical literature is reviewed in an attempt to answer two questions. First, are there systematic and significant differences on psychological tests between sexually abused and nonabused children? Second, are these differences on psychological testing a direct result of sexual abuse, or are they a result of other coexisting factors that might cause psychological distress? Cognitive measures, personality inventories, symptomatology checklists, and projective tests with sexually abused children are reviewed. While a variety of standardized instruments have been administered to sexually abused children, relatively few have been utilized in empirical studies. Findings have been mixed, with stronger differences between sexually abused and nonabused children generally found on measures completed by parents than on measures administered directly to children. Sexually abused children often fall between nonabused and psychiatric groups. Use of measures specific to sexual abuse is advocated. While psychological tests may currently have limited use in validating suspected sexual abuse, they may be extremely useful in the clinical treatment of the child.     

beta Recombinase catalyzes inversion and resolution between two inversely oriented six sites on a supercoiled DNA substrate and only inversion on relaxed or linear substrates

The beta recombinase, in the presence of a chromatin-associated protein such as Hbsu, catalyzes DNA resolution or DNA inversion on supercoiled substrates containing two directly or inversely oriented six sites. Hbsu stabilizes the formation of the recombination complex (Alonso, J. C., Weise, F., and Rojo, F. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2938-2945). In this study we show that resolution by beta recombinase strictly requires supercoiled DNA, but inversion does not. On a substrate with two inversely oriented six sites, beta recombinase catalyzed both resolution and inversion if the DNA was supercoiled but only inversion if the substrate was relaxed or linear. Hbsu was critical for the formation of synaptic complexes; its concentration relative to that of the supercoiled DNA substrate determined whether resolution or inversion products were preferentially formed. The results suggest that the beta recombinase forms unproductive short-lived synaptic complexes between two juxtaposed inversely oriented six sites; the presence of 3 to 13 Hbsu dimers per supercoiled DNA molecule would stabilize a synaptic complex with a relative geometry of the six sites allowing beta recombinase preferentially to achieve resolution. Supercoiling probably helps to overcome an energetic barrier, since resolution does not occur in relaxed DNA. The presence of >30 Hbsu dimers per DNA molecule probably favors the formation of a recombination complex with a different geometry since the reaction is directed preferentially toward DNA inversion.     

Categorical scaling of time: Implications for clock-counter models.

Pigeons partitioned time into three intervals. Responses to one key could be reinforced after a short time, to a second key after an intermediate time, and to a third key after a long time. The values of the short, intermediate, and long times and the proportion of trials ending with reinforcement were varied. Absolute and relative response rates on each key were an orderly function of time and showed approximately proportional changes with changes in the interval values, consistent with Weber's law, Gibbon's (1977) scalar expectancy theory, and Killeen and Fetterman's (1988) behavioral theory of timing (BeT). Standard deviations of the times at which subjects switched between successive keys increased more slowly within a condition than across conditions, as predicted by BeT. Increases and decreases in reinforcement probability produced both transient and longer lasting changes in timing behavior, once again, in accord with predictions of BeT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Integrating neural network technology and noise analysis

The integrated use of neural network and noise analysis technologies offers advantages not available by the use of either technology alone. The application of neural network technology to noise analysis offers an opportunity to expand the scope of problems where noise analysis is useful and unique ways in which the integration of these technologies can be used productively. The two-sensor technique, in which the responses of two sensors to an unknown driving source are related, is used to demonstration such integration. The relationship between power spectral densities (PSDs) of accelerometer signals is derived theoretically using noise analysis to demonstrate its uniqueness. This relationship is modeled from experimental data using a neural network when the system is working properly, and the actual PSD of one sensor is compared with the PSD of that sensor predicted by the neural network using the PSD of the other sensor as an input. A significant deviation between the actual and predicted PSDs indicate that system is changing (i.e., failing). Experiments carried out on check valves and bearings illustrate the usefulness of the methodology developed.