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Do young children reverse ambiguous figures?

Most adult observers tend not to reverse ambiguous figures if they are not informed about the ambiguity of the figure. The question was asked whether very young children who have rarely, if ever, seen any kinds of ambiguous figures will reverse if uninformed, and also how they will behave if they are informed. It was found that 3 and 4 year olds never reverse when presented with two different kinds of ambiguous figures when uninformed, and only some do even when informed; further, those that do reverse do so only once or twice over a 60 s inspection period. These results are interpreted as further confirmation of an earlier finding with adults--that reversal is not simply a matter of prolonged inspection of an ambiguous figure leading automatically to neural satiation. Instead, cognitive factors such as utilization of memory and intention are implicated.     

Appropriate method for the least squares analysis of categorical data.

Attempts to clarify some issues that have stemmed from J. E. Overall and D. K. Spiegel's (see record 1970-01534-001) article on least squares analysis, as well as from a number of subsequent articles. C. E. Werts and R. L. Linn (1971) provided a logical basis for selecting Method 3 from the Overall and Spiegel article. The present article outlines statistical as well as substantive arguments for the choice of Method 3. A variation of Method 3 is also suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Responsiveness of homocysteine concentrations to food and supplemental folate intakes in smokers and never-smokers enrolled in a diet intervention trial.

We investigated circulating homocysteine concentrations in relation to smoking, folate intake (from food and supplements), serum folate concentrations, and other dietary variables. The present study is part of a parent trial assessing the effects of increasing vegetable, fruit, and fiber intakes and reducing the percentage of energy obtained from fat on breast cancer recurrence in 3,088 women previously diagnosed with breast cancer. Of the 121 smokers enrolled in the parent trial, 85 were available at baseline for the present study and were randomly matched to 85 never-smokers on baseline folate intake, age, and intervention status. Follow-up data were available on 53 smokers (22 intervention and 31 comparison) and 56 never-smokers (24 intervention and 32 comparison). No significant differences in circulating homocysteine and folate concentrations were observed between smokers and never-smokers at baseline. For smokers, significant decreases in circulating homocysteine and significant increases in folate concentrations (p < .05) from baseline to 12 months were observed in the comparison group. For never-smokers, significant decreases in circulating homocysteine and significant increases in folate concentrations were observed in the intervention and comparison groups (p < .05). In the multivariate analysis, changes in serum folate concentration and supplemental folic acid were significantly associated with change in plasma homocysteine concentrations (p < .05). These findings show that increasing supplemental folic acid can reduce homocysteine concentrations, which may have implications for lowering cardiovascular disease risk for smokers and never-smokers.     

Fertility following bilateral ovarian wedge resection: a critical analysis of 90 consecutive cases of the polycystic ovary syndrome

Fertility following bilateral ovarian wedge resection (BOWR) was evaluated in a retrospective cohort study of 90 consecutive cases of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Post-BOWR follow-up was available for varying time spans of up to 10 years. BOWR resulted in the resumption of menstrual cyclicity in 91.1% (82/90) of the cases. However, within this ovulatory group, 26 patients were characterized by oligo-ovulation and a significantly reduced conception rate (29.2%), as compared with that of 56 normo-ovulatory counterparts (60.3%). Although the crude overall conception rate for this series was 47.8%, the overall cumulative probability of conception at the end of follow-up as determined by life table analysis was 73%. The likelihood of conception at any given point in time was estimated by a monthly fecundability rate of 1.34%. Our findings also indicate that the probability of post-BOWR conception was unaffected by age, race, ward status, or duration of infertility. In contrast, persistent post-BOWR oligo- or anovulation and the presence of concurrent tuboperitoneal disease were reaffirmed as the most important determinants of the likelihood of post-BOWR conception. A minimum incidence of 7.8% was documented for acquired post-BOWR pelvic disease.     

Factors affecting the rate of deterioration in the frying qualities of fats. 1 i. exposure to air

The effect of heating fats in air and the effect of heating fats in an inert atmosphere were compared, and the relationship of air to changes in the frying characteristics of fat studied. The frying characteristics of a fat did not change to an extent that is commercially significant even after 48 hr heating at 375F in the absence of air; fats heated under identical conditions but in the presence of air, changed radically. It was found, also, that fat which had changed appreciably in frying characteristics when heated in air did not continue to change significantly when heated further under nitrogen. Hence, presence of oxygen was shown to be a necessary condition for the deterioration of the frying qualities of fat at frying temp. Rate of change of the frying characteristics was found to be directly proportional to the degree of exposure of fat surface to the oxygen.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Methotrexate-Loaded Biodegradable Polyanhydride Microspheres

Methotrexate-loaded biodegradable polyanhydride microspheres were prepared by modified hot-melt technique and aqueous solvent evaporation technique. The effect of particle size, drug loading and microencapsulation technique on the in vitro drug release was studied. The in vitro release of methotrexate was evaluated using an automated flow-through cell system. The release profile consisted of burst release and sustained release phases. The burst release from the microspheres prepared by the modified technique was lower than that from the aqueous solvent evaporation technique. In addition, the microspheres with lower loadings released smaller amounts during the burst release phase. For a given loading and processing technique, the amount released by burst decreased with an increase in particle size. The microspheres prepared by the modified hot-melt technique with 10% loading and 177-250 μm size fraction gave desirable prolonged release. This formulation was tested in vivo in rats by subcutaneous implantation. The peak serum level of methotrexate was reached between 15-18 hours compared to that between 0-3 hours observed following the administration of an equivalent dose of methotrexate solution. No microspheres were found at the site of implantation at 48 hours post-implantation.     

Factors affecting the rate of deterioration in the frying quality of fats II. Type of heater and method of heating

Using a commercially prepared hydrogenated lard and heating methods simulating those currently employed in commercial fryers, it was found that the rate of fat deterioration varied inversely with the temp of the heating element. This has been attributed to differences in the rate and duration of convection circulation, a measure of the amt of fat-air contact, and therefore, thermal oxidation. When element temp were increased from 900–2400F, while thermostatically maintaining the fat temp at 375F, it was found that the rate of convection circulation increased while the duration of convection circulation decreased, and it is postulated that the overall effect of increasing element temp is one of decreasing the total amt of fat contact with the air. It was also demonstrated that mechanical circulation of fat, as required in an externally heated fat system, significantly increased that rate of fat deterioration when compared to fat heated by conventional direct gas-heat, if both were heated and maintained at 375F for identical periods of time. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in New Orleans, 1962.