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101.
102.
Lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), a glyceride
mixture containing fatty acids of 8 and 10 carbons in length. The ingestion of MCT-supplemented, cholesterolfree diets depressed
plasma and liver total lipids and cholesterol as compared with corn oil-supplemented diets. In rats fed cholesterol-containing
diets, plasma cholesterol levels were not influenced by dietary MCT, but liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower
than in animals fed corn oil. In vitro cholesterol synthesis from acetate-1-14C was lower in liver slices of rats that consumed MCT than in similar preparations from corn oil-fed rats. Studies of fatty
acid carboxyl labeling from acetate-1-14C and the conversion of palmitate-1-14C to C18 acids by liver slices showed that chain-lengthening activity is greater in the liver tissue of rats fed MCT than in the liver
of animals fed corn oil. The hepatic fatty acid desaturation mechanisms, evaluated by measuring the conversion of stearate-2-14C to oleate, was also enhanced by feeding MCT.
Adipose tissue of rats fed MCT converts acetate-1-14C to fatty acids at a much faster rate than does tissue from animals fed corn oil. Evidence is presented to show that the
enhanced incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by the adipose tissue of rats fed MCT represents de novo synthesis of fatty
acids and not chain-lengthening activity. Data are also presented on the fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, and adipose
tissue lipids of rats fed the different fats under study. 相似文献
103.
The nature and magnitude of mechanical reactions of polystyrene in capillary flow has been examined in a model extrusion process. Studies on polystyrene quantify the sensitive increase in shear degradation tendency with increasing polymer molecular weight. A molecular weight spectrum caused by the shear stress profile was measured across the extrudate radius by the new technique of solvent coring. It was further determined that an appreciable fraction of the mechanical reaction is shear induced in the capillary reservoir. This is confirmed by precision determinations of molecular weights and distributions by gel permeation chromatography on samples taken from concentric layers in the capillary reservoir after 50% sample extrusion. These results, involving traces of oxygen as a chemical probe, describe the stress profile in the reservoir and in the capillary during the pressure extrusion of high molecular weight polystyrene. Thus, changes in molecular weight and distribution may be attributable to changes in different portions of the shear geometry rather than the uniform changes generally considered. Clear evidence is also presented showing the dramatic effects of oxygen on these shear-induced changes in molecular weight and distribution. 相似文献
104.
Incorporation of [14C] from acetoacetate, D(-)- and L(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, glutamine, acetate and palmitate in cellular lipids were
studied in cultures in human diploid fibroblasts (HDF). The results showed that acetoacetate was 2–10 times more effective
as a lipogenic precursor than was either D- or L-3-hydroxybutyrate. Its extent of incorporation into lipids was 2- to 8-fold
more than the other precursors examined under conditions when the overall rates of nonsaponifiable and saponi-fiable lipogenesis
as measured by3H2O incorporation were essentially unchanged. Acetoacetate supported both saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipid syntheses with
half-saturation values (Km app.) of 185 μM and 30 μM, respectively. Glucose stimulated acetoacetate incorporation into lipids whereas, conversely, acetoacetate
inhibited [14C] glucose incorporation into lipids. The presence of low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol (@40 μg cholesterol/mL) inhibited
the incorporation of [14C] from acetoacetate 56% into nonsaponifiable lipids; the inhibition was consistently higher (75%) when [14C] glucose or glutamine were the precrusors. The loss of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase activity upon
addition of LDL-cholesterol was greater than the suppression of [14C] incorporation from acetoacetate or glucose into nonsaponifiable lipids. In the presence of glucose, [14C] acetoacetate was incorporated into 3-βOH sterols (digitonin precipitable). 7.7±1.1 times more effectively than was [14C] glucose. The results suggest that HDF would be a suitable model to investigate the effects of various precrusors of HMG
CoA on the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis. 相似文献
105.
Catalytic ammonia synthesis at approximately 30 MPa and 800 K consumes about 5% of the global annual natural gas production causing significant CO2 emissions. A conceptual solar thermochemical reaction cycle to produce NH3 at near atmospheric pressure without natural gas is explored here and compared to solar thermochemical steam/air reforming to provide H2 used in the Haber‐Bosch process for NH3 synthesis. Mapping of Gibbs free energy planes quantifies the tradeoff between the yield of N2 reduction via metal nitridation, and NH3 liberation via steam hydrolysis vs. the temperatures required for reactant recovery from undesirably stable metal oxides. Equilibrium composition simulations suggest that reactants combining an ionic nitride‐forming element (e.g., Mg or Ce) with a transition metal (e.g., MgCr2O4, MgFe2O4, or MgMoO4) may enable the concept near 0.1 MPa (at maximum 64 mol % yield of Mg3N2 through nitridation of MgFe2O4 at 1,300 K, and 72 mol % of the nitrogen in Mg3N2 as NH3 during hydrolysis at 500 K). © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3203–3213, 2012 相似文献
106.
Gintautas Dundulis Eugenijus Uspuras Ronald F. Kulak Algirdas Marchertas 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》2007,237(8):848-857
Stress corrosion cracks have been discovered in Group Distribution Headers (GDH) at the Ignalina and Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plants. This increases the probability that a guillotine pipe break can occur that creates a whipping pipe (GDH) with the potential to damage surrounding structures—i.e. adjacent GDH and its attached piping or adjacent reinforced concrete compartment wall. The GDH is the most important component for reactor safety in case of an accident. Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) piping is connected to the GDH piping such that, during an accident, coolant passes from the ECSS into the GDH.Presented in this paper is the transient analysis of a Group Distribution Header following a guillotine break at the blind end of the header. Using a very conservative force loading function, the transient response of a whipping RBMK-1500 GDH along with neighboring concrete walls and pipelines is obtained using finite element methodology.The results of the study, assuming that the impacted GDH does not suffer stress corrosion cracking, indicate that the structural integrity of the compartment should be maintained and failure should not propagate from GDH to GDH. 相似文献
107.
Dale L. Muccignat Peter W. Stokes Daniel G. Cocks Jason R. Gascooke Darryl B. Jones Michael J. Brunger Ronald D. White 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(6)
The extraction of electron–liquid phase cross-sections (surface and bulk) is proposed through the measurement of (differential) energy loss spectra for electrons scattered from a liquid micro-jet. The signature physical elements of the scattering processes on the energy loss spectra are highlighted using a Monte Carlo simulation technique, originally developed for simulating electron transport in liquids. Machine learning techniques are applied to the simulated electron energy loss spectra, to invert the data and extract the cross-sections. The extraction of the elastic cross-section for neon was determined within 9% accuracy over the energy range 1–100 eV. The extension toward the simultaneous determination of elastic and ionisation cross-sections resulted in a decrease in accuracy, now to within 18% accuracy for elastic scattering and 1% for ionisation. Additional methods are explored to enhance the accuracy of the simultaneous extraction of liquid phase cross-sections. 相似文献
108.
Optimization of hydrogen stations in Florida using the Flow-Refueling Location Model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Michael Kuby Lee Lines Ronald Schultz Zhixiao Xie Jong-Geun Kim Seow Lim 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2009
This paper develops and applies a model that locates hydrogen stations to refuel the maximum volume of vehicle flows. Inputs to the model include a road network with average speeds; the origin–destination flow volumes between each origin and destination; a maximum driving range between refueling stops; and the number of stations to build. The Flow-Refueling Location Model maximizes the flow volumes that can be refueled, measured either in number of trips or vehicle-miles traveled. Geographic Information Systems and heuristic algorithms are integrated in a spatial decision support system that researchers can use to develop data, enter assumptions, analyze scenarios, evaluate tradeoffs, and map results. For the Florida Hydrogen Initiative, we used this model to investigate strategies for rolling out an initial refueling infrastructure in Florida at two different scales of analysis: metropolitan Orlando and statewide. By analyzing a variety of scenarios at both scales of analysis, we identify a robust set of stations that perform well under a variety of assumptions, and develop a strategy for phasing in clustered and connecting stations in several stages or tiers. 相似文献
109.
110.