Transformations for early reply and forward message passing mechanisms

Message passing notations (language, package, etc.) typically include some form of asynchronous or synchronous invocation. In a synchronous invocation, the invoker waits for the invocation's servicer to pass back results. Some message passing notations also include early reply or deferred reply (including forwarding), which alters how and when the servicer passes back its results; this additional flexibility is useful in realistic applications. It is well known how to transform a synchronous invocation into only asynchronous invocations. This paper extends such transformations to early reply and forward. This paper also describes the use of these transformations within the implementations of programming notations. Using the transformation simplifies the implementation without significantly affecting run‐time costs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Book reviews

RESOURCE TRENDS AND POPULATION POLICY: A TIME FOR REASSESSMENT, by Lester R. Brown. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., May 1979; Worldwatch Paper 29. (Paperback $2.00)

THE NEXT SEVENTY YEARS: POPULATION, FOOD AND RESOURCES, by B. Gil‐land. Abacus Press, London, 1979. 133 pp. (£9.50)

POPULATION POLICY ANALYSIS, edited by M. E. Kraft and M. Schneider. D. C. Heath, London, 1979. (£0.00)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, by Brian B. Clark, Ronald Bisset and Peter Wath‐ern. Manssell, London and Bowker, New York, 1980. 516 pp. (£0.00)

ADVANCES IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Vol. 11, edited by Amyan MacFadyen. Academic Press, London, 1980. 428 pp. (£25.00)

MICROBIAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN EXTREMES OF ENVIRONMENT, edited by G. W. Gould and Janet E. Cory. Academic Press, London, 1980. 244 pp. (£16.00)

UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT: Port Growth and Emerging Coastal Management Programs, by Marc Hershman, Robert Goodwin, Andrew Ruot‐sala, Maureen McCrea and Yehuda Hayuth. A Washington Sea Grant Publication, 1978. 212 pp. ($12.50)

HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY ANALYSIS, by J. Boustead and G. F. Hancock. Ellis‐Harwood, Chichester, U.K., 1979. (£25.00)

TREE GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES, by T. T. Kozlowski. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1979. vii + 192 pp. (£12.50)

ALL GOOD THINGS AROUND US, by Pamela Michael. Illustrated by Christabel King. Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1980. 240 pp. (£12.95)

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (2nd Edition), by A. V. Perpillou. Longman Group, London, U.K., 1977. xviii + 570 pp. 37 pls., 27 maps and diagrams, Index. (Paperback £5.50)

INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES IMPOUNDMENT, by N. P. Cheremisinoff, P. N. Cheremisinoff, F. Ellerbeck and A. J. Perna. Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, 1979. ix + 475 pp. Index. (£16.25)

PHOSPHORUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ITS CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. (Ciba Foundation No. 57, New Series), by Ruth Porter and David W. Fitzsimons. Elsevier, 1978. (£18.15)

TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL. Vol. II, edited by R. B. Pojasek (Options for Sterilization Solidifications). Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, U.S.A., 1979, 259 pp. (£19.80)

SON OF THE WILDERNESS (The Life of John Muir), by Linnie Marsh Wolfe. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1978. 364 pp. (Paperback £4.90)

NATURE'S PRICE, by W. van Dieren and M. G. W. Hummelinck. Marion Boyars, London, Boston, 1979. (Paperback £3.50)

PERMACULTURE ONE, by Bill (B. C.) Molli‐son and David Holmgren. Corgi Books, Trans‐world Publishers Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. 128 pp. (A $4.95)

ENVIRONMENTAL AERODYNAMICS, by R. S. Scorer. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1978. 488 pp. (Hardback £20.00; paperback £7.50)     

Future directions in physiochemical modeling of the thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte coacervates

We review theories of polyelectrolyte (PE) coacervation, which is the spontaneous association of oppositely charged units of PEs and phase separation into a polymer-dense phase in aqueous solution. The simplest theories can be divided into “physics-based” and “chemistry-based” approaches. In the former, PEs are treated as charged, long-chain, molecules, defined by charge level, chain length, and chain flexibility, but otherwise lacking chemical identity, with electrostatic interactions driving coacervation. The “chemistry-based” approaches focus on the local interactions between the species for which chemical identity is critical, and describe coacervation as the result of competitive local binding interactions of monomers and salts. In this article, we show how these approaches complement each other by presenting recent approaches that take both physical and chemical effects into account. Finally, we suggest future directions toward producing theories that are made quantitatively predictive by accounting for both long range electrostatic and local chemically specific interactions.     

Quantifier guided aggregation using OWA operators

We consider multicriteria aggregation problems where, rather than requiring all the criteria be satisfied, we need only satisfy some portion of the criteria. The proportion of the critera required is specified in terms of a linguistic quantifier such as most . We use a fuzzy set representation of these linguistic quantifiers to obtain decision functions in the form of OWA aggregations. A methodology is suggested for including importances associated with the individual criteria. A procedure for determining the measure of “orness” directly from the quantifier is suggested. We introduce an extension of the OWA operators which involves the use of triangular norms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Representing rules as random sets,II: Iterated rules

I. R. Goodman, H. T. Nguyen, and others have proposed the theory of random sets as a unifying paradigm for knowledge-based systems. The more types of ambiguous evidence that can be brought under the random-set umbrella, the more potentially useful the theory becomes as a systematic methodology for comparing and fusing seemingly incongruent kinds of information. Conditional event algebra provides a general framework for dealing with rule-based evidence in a manner consistent with probability theory. This and a previous companion article bring conditional event logic—and through it, rules and iterated rules—under the random set umbrella. In this article, we derive a new conditional event algebra, denoted GNW₂, for rules which are contingent on other rules. We show that this logic is the only one which extends the GNW first-degree logic, admits a simple embedding into random sets, and has GNW-like behavior. We show that GNW events are contained in a Boolean subalgebra GNW* of GNW₂. Finally, we show how GNW₂ can be used to recursively define a GNW-like Boolean logic for iterated rules of any degree. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Static fatigue of Hi-Nicalon™-S fiber at elevated temperature in air,steam, and silicic acid-saturated steam

A facility for testing SiC fiber tows in static fatigue and creep at elevated temperatures in air and steam was developed. Static fatigue of Hi-Nicalon™-S fibers was investigated at 800°C-1100°C at applied stresses between 115 and 1250 MPa in air, in Si(OH)₄(g)-saturated steam, and in unsaturated steam. Fibers tested in Si(OH)₄(g)-saturated steam and in air had silica scales throughout the test sections, but those tested in unsaturated steam did not develop scales near the steam injection point. Fiber lifetimes in static fatigue were shortest in unsaturated steam, intermediate in Si(OH)₄(g)-saturated steam, and longest in air. Failure strains did not exceed 0.3%. Steady-state strain rates and static fatigue lifetimes are modelled empirically by the Monkman-Grant relationship. Failure mechanisms are discussed.     

Zur Existenzfähigkeit von 2-Imino-2H-1,3-thiazinen

On the Existence of 2-Imino-2H-1,3-thiazines The title compounds 2 are readily liberated from the 2-amino-1,3-thiazinium salts 1 by treatment with bases. Their stability depends sensitively on the substituents at the imino-N. The imino-N substituted 2a – i are isolable as well-defined coloured substances. Reaction of the 2 as well 1 with nucleophilic agents affords pyrimidine-2-thiones ( 4 , 9 – 11 , 16 – 18 ). In these ring transformations a nucleophilic addition at ring position 6 as primary reaction step is preferred. The imino-N unsubstituted representatives display a more complicated behaviour; the highly enhanced reactivity prevents or handicaps, respectively, any isolation. As exemplified in the base-induced ring-transformation of 1 m to the pyrimidine derivative 19 , these 2 are able to react as nucleophiles too, and versatile intermolecular self-reactions are increasingly favoured.     

How the Influence of Different Salts on Interfacial Properties of Surfactant–Oil–Water Systems at Optimum Formulation Matches the Hofmeister Series Ranking

In this work, we present the effects of salts on sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate micellization and on the interfacial performance of a sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate–heptane–brine system at optimum formulation, i.e., hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) = 0. In order to do that, interfacial tension and dilational interfacial rheology properties of surfactant–heptane–water systems at optimum formulation are measured using an interfacial spinning drop tensiometer with an oscillating velocity, which can accurately measure interfacial rheology properties at both low and ultralow interfacial tensions. The brines used contain one of the following salts: MgCl₂, CaCl₂, NaCl, NH₄Cl, NaNO₃, CH₃COONa, or Na₂SO₄. We performed a one-dimensional salinity scan with each of these salts to achieve an optimum formulation. In relation to the Hofmeister series, we found that, at optimum formulation, systems with chaotropic ions (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻) present interfaces with ultralow interfacial tensions, very low dilational modulus, and a low phase angle, whereas kosmotropic ions (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄⁻²) generate high interfacial tension and high rigidity monolayers. Intermediate ions in the Hofmeister series (Na⁺, CH₃COO⁻, Cl⁻) present interfaces with intermediate properties. Furthermore, according to the Hofmeister series, interfaces can be respectively ordered from higher to lower rigidity for surfactant counterions Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NH₄⁺ and coions SO₄²⁻ > CH₃COO^– > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻, which correspond to a salting-out (highest rigidity) and salting-in (lowest rigidity) effect. We observed that counterions have a more significant effect on surfactant–oil–water system properties than those that act as coions.