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61.
Ronald R. Yager 《国际智能系统杂志》2014,29(10):881-905
Our interest is in the problem of comparing alternatives with uncertain payoffs when the uncertainty is represented using a measure. We first describe various aspects of the use of a measure to represent uncertainty. We recall that probability is a special well‐understood example of measure‐based uncertainty. We note that stochastic dominance provides a well‐established method for comparing alternatives in the case of probabilistic uncertainty. Inspired by this we develop an extension of the use of stochastic dominance for comparing uncertainty profiles to the case where the uncertainty is represented by a measure. We refer to this as measure based stochastic dominance. Do to the fact that in most cases a stochastic dominance relationship does not exist between alternatives this requires us to consider the use of surrogates for measure based stochastic dominance to compare alternatives. Here we investigate a class of surrogates for measure based stochastic dominance that we call Measure Weighted Means (MWM). As we see these MWM are numeric values consistent with measure based stochastic dominance. 相似文献
62.
The processing–property relationship of a model cryogenically mechanically alloyed polymer–polymer system [polycarbonate (PC) and poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK)] was investigated. PC and PEEK powders were cryogenically mechanically alloyed for 10 h, and the resulting two‐phase powder particles were processed into testable coupons with a miniature ram‐injection molder. The bulk mechanical properties of the coupons made from the mechanically alloyed powders and nonmechanically alloyed powders were investigated as a function of mechanical alloying and injection‐molding parameters. The injection‐molded coupons were mechanically tested in the three‐point‐bending mode. The results demonstrated that no measurable improvement was achieved in the energy to break, strain at failure, or failure strength in the coupons made from the mechanically alloyed materials in comparison with those of the coupons made from the nonmechanically alloyed powders. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1196–1202, 2003 相似文献
63.
G. William Chase Jr. Casimir C. Akoh Ronald R. Eitenmiller 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(11):1273-1276
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described to determine the sucrose polyester (SPE) content in seven blends
of cooking oils. Four gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) columns were used in series with an evaporative light scattering
mass detector to separate the SPE from the acylglycerols in the final chromatogram. The SPE fraction was collected off the
GPC column and injected onto a reverse-phase C-18 column for quantitation with sucrose octaacetate as an internal standard
and a gradient of nonaqueous solvents as mobile phase. The chromatograms were interference-free, with only two sharp peaks
appearing. The standards were linear from 500 to 5000 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of r=0.999. The mean percent recovery
(n=9) and standard deviation were 102±6.7. The detector could detect amounts as low as 5 μg SPE. 相似文献
64.
Transient and steady-state deformations and breakup of viscoelastic polystyrene droplets dispersed in viscoelastic high-density polyethylene matrices were observed in a simple steady shear flow between two transparent parallel disks. By separately varying the elasticities of the individual blend components, the matrix shear viscosity, and the viscosity ratio, their effects on the transient deformation, steady-state droplet size, and the breakup sequence were determined. After the startup of a steady shear flow, the viscoelastic droplet initially exhibits oscillations of its length in the flow direction, but eventually stretches preferentially in the vorticity direction. We find that at fixed capillary number, the oscillation amplitude decreases with increasing droplet elasticity, while the oscillation period depends primarily on, and increases with, the viscosity ratio. At steady-state, the droplet length along the vorticity direction increases with increasing capillary number, viscosity ratio, and droplet elasticity. Remarkably, at a viscosity ratio of unity, the droplets remain in a nearly undeformed state as the capillary number is varied between 2 and 8, apparently because under these conditions a tendency for the droplets to widen in the vorticity direction counteracts their tendency to stretch in the flow direction. When a critical capillary number, Cac, is exceeded, the droplet finally stretches in the vorticity direction and forms a string which becomes thinner and finally breaks up, provided that the droplet elasticity is sufficiently high. For a fixed matrix shear stress and droplet elasticity, the steady-state deformation along the vorticity direction and the critical capillary number for breakup both increase with increasing viscosity ratio. 相似文献
65.
The purpose of this work was to study how mineral fillers would behave in a polypropylene (PP) matrix when PP modified with maleic anhydride (MA) and/or itaconic acid (IA) was used as a coupling agent in the preparation of mineral‐filled PP composites. The composites were characterized with tensile mechanical measurements and morphological analysis. The optimum amount of the coupling agent to be used to obtain composites with improved mechanical properties was established. The results indicated that these coupling agents enhanced the tensile strength of the composites significantly, and the extent of the coupling effect depended on the nature of the interface that formed. The incorporation of coupling agents enhanced the resistance to deformation of the composite. The behavior of IA‐modified PP as a coupling agent was similar to that of a commercial MA‐modified PP for the filled PP composites. Evidence of improved interfacial bonding was revealed by scanning electron microscopy studies, which examined the surfaces of fractured tensile test specimens; their microstructures confirmed the mechanical results with respect to the observed homogeneous or optimized dispersion of the mineral‐filler phase in these composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2343–2350, 2007 相似文献
66.
A detailed investigation of the seed oil ofByrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. has disclosedcis-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic (lactobacillic) (13%) and two branched octadecenoic acids (0.1%). Other fatty acids in the oil
are those normally associated with seed lipids except for an unusually high proportion (12%) ofcis-11-octadecenoic acid. Lactobacillic acid has long been known as a constituent of certain bacterial lipids, but this is the
first report of its presence in a seed oil. The branched olefinic acids have not heretofore been found to occur in plants.
Mention of firm names or trade products does not imply endorsement or recommendation by the Department of Agriculture over
other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
67.
The transport of gellan gum microbeads as potential cell carriers was investigated in horizontal columns packed with different grain size classes of gravel (2–16 mm) and sand (0.25–2 mm). A suspension of microbeads was pulsed into each column for 6 h, followed by injection of water for 42 h. In general, the total amount of microbeads travelling across a given section of the column increased with injection time but decreased towards the column outlet, varying as a direct function of grain size. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the transport of gellan gum microbeads through medium sand to medium gravel across distances up to 110 cm. 相似文献
68.
The action of the tumor promoter, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), on rabbit peritoneal and human neutrophils is associated
with stimulation of14C-arachidonic acid incorporation into phospholipids within 1–2 min. Stimulated14C-arachidonate incorporation was relatively selective for phosphatidylinositol (PI) in rabbit neutrophils. In contrast, the
secretory response of human neutrophils to PDBu coincided with stimulated label incorporation into phosphatidylserine (PS),
phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA) and PI. Significant increases in label incorporation
were observed with PDBu concentrations as low as 2 nM, and the dose response of stimulated label incorporation paralleled
that of evoked lysozyme secretion. A parallel, but partial, inhibition of PDBu-stimulated PI labeling and enzyme release was
observed after exposing rabbit neutrophils to calcium-deprived medium, whereas calcium deprivation failed to significantly
depress either of these stimulant actions of PDBu in human neutrophils. Further, in rabbit neutrophils PDBu elicited an increase
in cell associated45Ca. However, PDBu was unable to promote the incorporation of32P orthophosphate into PI or enhance phospholipase A2 activity in broken cells. These findings suggest that one expression of the interaction between phorbol esters and their
receptors on neutrophils involves the turnover of arachidonic acid in phospholipids. This stimulated turnover of arachidonate
may be a critical step in the cascade of events associated with neutrophil activation. 相似文献
69.
Solid state magnetic resonance spectra of Illinois No. 6 coal and some reductive alkylation products
Illinois No. 6 coal and its reductive methylation and butylation products have been studied by magnetic resonance techniques. Conventional CP-MAS13Cn.m.r. spectroscopy indicates that 62% of the carbon atoms in the coal are aromatic and that about 6% of the carbon atoms are carbonyl. Esters are more abundant than carboxylic acids. The resonances of methoxy groups and other novel etheric carbon atoms are apparent in the high field region. Dipolar dephasing experiments suggest that methyl carbon atoms constitute no more than 16% of the carbon, methylene and methine carbon atoms about 14% and quaternary aliphatic carbon atoms about 2%. The dipolar dephasing experiments in conjunction with previous work also permit estimates of the hydrogen atom distribution. The THF-insoluble products obtained in the reductive alkylation reactions with13C-enriched alkylating agents contain paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances that adversely influence the solid state n.m.r. spectra. However, good 13C n.m.r. spectra were obtained after these substances were extracted with aqueous hydrochloric acid. The O:C alkylation ratios are 1.2 and 1.0 for methylation and butylation, respectively. Dipolar dephasing experiments establish that the decay constants of functional groups in the whole coal and of C- and O-methyl-13C and C- and O-butyl-1 -13C nuclei in the labelled coal molecules are very similar to those of reference compounds. These findings suggest that the decay constants measured for the 13C nuclei in coals and coal-derived solids provide reliable information about their degree of substitution. 相似文献
70.
Fumonisin B1 is a sphingolipid-like compound that enhances the accumulation of yeast sphingolipids and 2-hydroxy fatty acids. These lipids
occur both as freely extractable and cell bound components in yeast fermentations. Both free and bound 2-hydroxy fatty acids
produced byPichia sydowiorum NRRL Y-7130 were increased when fumonisin B1 (50 mg/L) was added to the usual growth medium containing yeast extract/malt extract/peptone/glucose. Fumonisin-treated cultures
contained 38 mg/L more 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic and 15 mg/L more 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic acids than did untreated cultures. By
contrast, fumonisin inhibited the accumulation of free 8,9,13-trihydroxydocosanoic acid inRhodotorula sp. YB-2501 cultures, leading to 240 mg/L lower trihydroxy acid production than by untreated cultures. 相似文献