Additives to prevent the formation of surface defects during poly(vinyl chloride) calendering

Gas checks are visible fleck-shaped defects that occur on the surface of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films during industrial calendering. Films containing these surface defects often do not meet minimum product specifications and therefore must be disposed of or recycled, resulting in increased cost and material waste. Currently, gas checks are controlled by keeping film gauge low and through trial-and-error modifications of processing parameters by calender operators. In this work, our group developed a series of chemical additives that can be blended with PVC to prevent the formation of gas check defects. We found that a series of poly(caprolactone) (PCL)-based compounds with diester linkers and alkyl chain cappers were all effective at preventing the formation of gas checks during calendering, with additive concentrations as low as 8 phr producing films with no gas checks. We found that the blends produced with our additives had higher melt viscosities than those produced with additives that do not remove gas checks, suggesting that viscosity plays an important role in preventing gas check defects.     

From enabling to levelling: the need to change the policy rationale of the intermediary liability regime

On the spectrum of policy formulation, the current intermediary liability regime is strongly rooted in the extreme end of policy formulation. The main focus of this policy choice is to provide an ‘enabling’ governance structure. Other options, such as providing a level playing field or exploring how and to what extent the intermediary liability regime will need to even constrain undesired digital behaviour, have hardly been given consideration. The immunities granted under the intermediary liability regime have hence successfully enabled novel business models and assured freedom of expression on the internet, leaving, however, significantly declining investment rates in music an unaddressed policy issue. According to estimates of this study, the cumulative investments lost in the UK, Germany and France alone amounted to up to nearly 4 billion Euro between 2008 and 2014. For the European Union, this situation posits a challenge with important ramifications in the long run. If Europe continues to lose out on investments in creative content, it risks losing its international competitiveness. It is thus proposed to revisit the underlying policy rationale of the intermediary liability regime and explore what steps are needed to provide a more equal level playing field for all types of market participants, be they the traditional music industry or novel forms of online intermediaries.     

Wall Decay Coefficient Estimation in a Real-Life Drinking Water Distribution Network

Water Resources Management - Injection of chlorine as a disinfectant and the correct prediction of the residual amount in water distribution networks are key points and important principles in the...     

Formation of 3D networks in polylactic acid by adjusting the cross-linking agent content with respect to processing variables: a simple approach

High-performance biodegradable polymers have attracted considerable attention over the years because of their eco-friendly nature. The effects of processing variables on the efficiency of crosslinking, and the rheological and thermal properties of cross-linked polylactic acid (XPLA) have not been comprehensively addressed yet. In this work, XPLA was prepared through solution casting followed by curing in an oven. Enhancements in properties could be quantified in terms of structural changes in 3D structure of XPLA by varying the amount of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a cross--linking agent and curing temperature and time. The XPLAs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetric analysis, swelling, and rheological techniques. The swelling data revealed an increase in gel fraction by 1.32% per 1 °C temperature rise in the range of 125–195 °C. The results were also indicative of an increase in gel faction by 0.32% per minute in the time range of 5–100 min. Maximum variation in gel fraction occurred at 195 °C with high peroxide content. At this temperature, the variation rate of gel content was about 14.99%. With gel formation evolution, especially at 85% completion stage, the melting point was vanished. Rheological measurements showed that the Newtonian plateau disappeared for the cross-linked samples, simultaneously with the onset of shear thinning and zero-shear viscosity, through which the molecular weight obtained by the Mark–Houwink equation shifted to lower frequencies. A mathematical model based on the Charlesby–Pinner equation was developed for predicting the gel content of the XPLA as a function of curing time and peroxide concentration. The Flory–Huggins parameter also changed during the cross-linking process as a function of cross-linking density. This study is focused on adjusting cross-linking density and processing factors, like temperature and time, to achieve an XPLA with desirable properties.     

MOSFET栅氧泄漏隧穿电流的分析模型:量子力学研究(英文)

研发了一种通过MOSFET的超薄栅氧化物分析直接隧穿电流密度的模型。采用Wentzel-Kramers-Brilliouin(WKB)近似计算了隧穿概率,利用清晰的表面势方程改进模型的准确性。在研究模型中考虑了Si衬底中反型层的量子化和多晶硅栅耗尽,还研究了多晶硅掺杂对栅氧化层隧穿电流的影响。仿真结果表明,栅氧化层隧穿电流随多晶硅栅掺杂浓度的增加而增加。该结论与已报道的结果相吻合,从而证明了该模型的正确性。     

Ultrasmooth gold thin films by self-limiting galvanic displacement on silicon

Galvanic displacement (GD), a type of electroless deposition, has been used to obtain ultrasmooth gold thin films on silicon <111>. The novel aspect of the method presented herein is the absence of fluoride ions in the liquid phase, and its principal advantage when compared to previous efforts is that the process is inherently self-limiting. The self-limiting factor is due to the fact that in the absence of fluorinated species, no silicon oxide is removed during the process. Thus, the maximum gold film thickness is achieved when elemental silicon is no longer available once the surface is oxidized completely during the galvanic displacement process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used as a tool for thickness measurement, using the gold to silicon ratio as an analytical signal. Three gold plating solutions with different concentrations of KAuCl? (2, 0.2, and 0.02 mM) have been used to obtain information about the formation rate of the gold film. This XPS analysis demonstrates the formation of gold films to a maximum thickness of ～3.5 ?. Atomic force microscopy is used to confirm surface smoothness, suggesting that the monolayer growth does not follow the Volmer-Weber growth mode, in contrast to the GD process from aqueous conditions with fluorinated species.     

Tribological Challenges in Micromechanical Systems

Despite much progress in surface micromachining technology, adhesion, friction and wear remain key issues, severely limiting the realization and reliability of many microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. In this article, we focus on the use of molecularly thin organic films as release and anti-stiction coatings for MEMS. The various classes of organic films explored for MEMS are reviewed here, followed by a discussion of the current limitations and areas for improvements for this coating technology.     

Electron Microscopy Study of γ-Al2O3 Supported Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts

Three supported catalysts containing 20 wt% cobalt and 0.5 wt% rhenium were subjected to electron microscopy studies in their calcined state. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of γ-Al₂O₃ supports of different pore characteristics with aqueous solutions of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate and perrhenic acid. The influence of the support on the Co₃O₄ crystallite size and distribution was studied by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. There was a positive correlation between the pore diameter of the support and the post calcination Co₃O₄ crystallite size. On all three γ-Al₂O₃ supports, Co₃O₄ was present as aggregates of many crystallites (20–270 nm in size). Cobalt oxide did not crystallise as independent crystallites, but as an interconnected network, with a roughly common crystallographic orientation, within the matrix pore structure. The internal variations in crystallite size between the catalysts were maintained after reduction. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at industrial conditions (T = 483 K, P = 20 bar, H₂/CO = 2.1). Although the cobalt-time yields varied significantly (4.6–6.7 × 10^?3 mol CO/mol Co s), the site-time yields were constant (63–68 × 10^?3 s^?1) for the three samples. The C₅₊ selectivity could not be correlated to the cobalt oxide aggregate size and is more likely related to the cobalt particle size and chemical properties of the γ-Al₂O₃ support.     

Oligodeoxyribonucleotide association with single-walled carbon nanotubes studied by SPM

Studies have been performed on both as-received and chemically oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) grown by two different growth methods to better understand the preferential association of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide T30 (ODN) with SWCNTs. Samples of T30 ODN:SWCNT were examined under ambient conditions using non-contact scanning probe microscope (SPM) techniques. The resulting images show different morphologies ranging from tangled networks of SWCNTs to individual, well-dispersed isolated SWCNTs as the sonication time is increased. SPM images of well-dispersed, as-received SWCNTs reveal isolated features that are 1.4 to 2.8 nm higher than the bare SWCNT itself. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed these features to be T30 ODN in nature. Chemically oxidizing the SWCNTs before sonication is found to be an effective way to increase the number of T30 ODN features.