Synthesis and characterization of poly(catechol) catalyzed by porphyrin and enzyme

Catalytic polymerization of catechol was performed employing the cationic porphyrin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as catalysts. The obtained results demonstrate that the cationic metalloporphyrin is a more-efficient catalyst than the HRP in the catechol polymerization. The oxidative polymerization was carried out in the presence of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as a template. According to TGA data, poly(catechol) that is synthesized by porphyrin catalyst exhibits more thermal stability than the enzymatic catalyzed product. The GPC indicate higher molecular weight of polymer synthesized by porphyrin as a catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show that the synthesized polymers have convenient electroactivity. The poly(catechol) and its methyl and methoxy derivatives that are synthesized by porphyrin catalyst show low electrical conductivity.     

Dependence of Semiconductor to Metal Transition of VO2(011)/NiO{100}/MgO{100}/TiN{100}/Si{100} Heterostructures on Thin Film Epitaxy and Nature of Strain

We have studied semiconductor to metal transition (SMT) characteristics of VO₂(011) thin films integrated epitaxially with Si(100) through NiO{001}/MgO{001}/TiN{001} buffer layers and correlated with the details of epitaxy and nature of residual stresses and strains across the VO₂/NiO interface. Thin film epitaxy at both room and elevated temperatures is studied in detail by electron microscopy and in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction techniques. The epitaxial relationship across the interface between monoclinic VO₂ and NiO is determined to be (011)_VO2||{100}_NiO and [01]_VO2||[001]_NiO at room temperature. The epitaxial alignment at the temperature of growth where tetragonal VO₂ is stable is determined as: (110)_VO2||{100}_NiO and [001]_VO2||[100]_NiO. A cube‐on‐cube crystallographic alignment is established across the NiO{100}/MgO{100}/TiN{100}/Si{100} interfaces. The misfit strains across the VO₂/NiO interface at the growth temperature are calculated and the mechanism of strain relaxation is discussed. The out‐of‐plane orientation is found to be relaxed in both monoclinic and tetragonal states of VO₂. It is shown that a compressive strain of 31.65% along the [001] direction of tetragonal VO₂ is fully relaxed via matching of multiple domains. However, a small tensile misfit strain of about 5% along [10] direction cannot relax and remains in the lattice. This tensile residual strain leads to a compressive strain along [001] axis which, in turn, results in an SMT temperature slightly lower than that of freestanding strain‐free VO₂. SMT characteristics of VO₂(011) epilayers are assessed where an amplitude of near five orders of magnitude, and a hysteresis of less than 3.6 ^°C are obtained. This study introduces VO₂/NiO thin film heterostructure integrated with silicon as a promising candidate for multifunctional devices with novel characteristics where a combination of sensing, manipulation, and response functions is needed.     

Structure,magnetic and transmission characteristics of the Co substituted Mg ferrites synthesized via a standard ceramic route

Co-Mg ferrites, ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{Mg}}_{1?\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2?\mathrm{z}}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ (x?=?0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0, 0?<?y?<?0.34 and 0?<?z?<?0.67), were synthesized via a standard ceramic route, and the structural, morphological, magnetic properties and transmission parameter of the samples were studied. The thermal behavior of the ground powder was characterized using a differential thermal analysis technique (DTA). The XRD patterns proved the formation of single phase Mg-ferrite in the samples with "x" contents varying from 0.0 to 0.8. The sample with x?=?1.0 showed two phases: a spinel Mg-ferrite and a secondary (Co,Mg)O phase. The lattice parameter and crystallite size of the samples increased remarkably by increasing the x content. The SEM images revealed that Co substitution in Mg ferrite at x?=?0.2 causes the particle growth, but their growth was not significant until x?=?0.8. For x?=?1.0, a remarkable particle growth was again observed. A maximum bulk density of 4.94?g/cm³ was obtained for x?=?0.8. Magnetic properties of the sintered samples showed an increase in coercive force up to 113?Oe by increasing Co substitution up to x?=?1.0. Saturation magnetization reached a maximum value of ~45.40?emu/g at x?=?0.8. Studying the microwave transmission behavior of the samples, using a vector network analyzer (VNA), indicated that by increasing Co, the transmission loss was reduced from $~$??15?dB for x?=?0.0 to less than ??10?dB for x?=?0.8 in the frequency range of 8–12?GHz.     

Effects of dopants and copolymerization on Schottky barriers of polypyrrole and polyindole/metal interfaces

Schottky-barrier diode devices were fabricated in a sandwich configuration with poly(pyrrole-co-indole) copolymer semiconducting films prepared by electropolymerization. Effect of different dopants of ClO₄ ^?, BF₄ ^?, C₇H₇SO₃ ^? and [Fe(CN)₆]^3? on the electronic properties of the fabricated devices was followed using Ag, In, Al and Cu metal junctions. Current?Cvoltage and capacitance?Cvoltage characteristics were recorded for making a comparative evaluation of the electronic and junction properties of the devices. The electrical characteristics of the junctions were analyzed based on the standard thermionic emission theory. Polymer doped by ClO₄ ^? showed lower reverse saturation currents and ideality factor but higher potential barriers and rectification ratios. Effect of dopant ions and copolymerization on the optical band gaps (E _g) of the films were investigated and the optical transmissions of the doped copolymer films were measured in the wavelength range of 250?C900?nm. It was shown that the energy gap of copolymers laid between those of corresponding homopolymers and polyindole (PIN) doped by [Fe(CN₆)]^?3 had E _g less than that of polymer doped by other anions whereas E _g of polypyrrole was independent of dopant ions. Also, the morphology of the polymeric films revealed the surface of the PIN doped with ClO₄ ^? was very smooth which created a good contact with indium metal.     

Enhancement of fracture toughness in bioactive glass-based nanocomposites with nanocrystalline forsterite as advanced biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications

In this research, the replacement effects of bioactive glass (BG) by nanocrystalline forsterite (NF) on the biomineralization, microstructural and mechanical properties of BG-based nanocomposites were investigated. The hybrid nanocomposites with different NF contents (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) were prepared from the nanopowders by means of conventional cold pressing method. Surprisingly, the addition of NF provided redundant mechanisms to improve the toughness of the BG matrix without deteriorating its biomineralization properties. In addition, the resulting enhancement in the fracture toughness, observed for the first time in highly bioactive BG/NF nanocomposites, indicated the potential of the prepared nanocomposites as advanced biomaterials for load-bearing bone tissue engineering applications.     

Micro arc oxidation of nano-crystalline Ag-doped TiO2 semiconductors

Simple synthesis of silver doped TiO₂ nanostructured layers by micro arc oxidation process is reported for the first time. The layers consisted of anatase and rutile phases whose characteristic XRD-peaks shifted toward lower diffraction angles when compared to the pure micro arc oxidized TiO₂ layers. Silver-doping was confirmed by XPS technique. The anatase phase crystalline size was determined as 27.6 and 21.8 nm for the layers grown under the voltages of 350 and 500 V. Employing a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, a red shift in the absorption edge of the layers was observed when silver was incorporated into the titania lattice.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanostructures using LiOH as a solvent

In the present study, we performed hydrothermal method as a simple and efficient route for the synthesis of rutile TiO₂ nanostructures in various concentrations of lithium hydroxide solutions. TiO₂ nanopowders with average sizes of 15 and 23 nm were prepared using 4 M and 7 M LiOH solutions. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscope (FEG-STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) analyses were used in order to characterize the obtained products and comparison of the morphology of the powders obtained in different concentrations of LiOH solvent. It was shown that alkali solution concentration has affected the crystallinity, agglomeration ratio, particle size and specific surface area of the obtained rutile phases.     

Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on creep behavior of adhesively bonded joints subjected to elevated temperatures

Polymeric materials are prone to creep loading. This paper is aimed to study the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on creep behavior of adhesively bonded joints. Neat and MWCNTs-reinforced adhesively bonded joints were manufactured and tested under creep loading at elevated temperatures. Two MWCNT weight percentages of 0.1 and 0.3 were used for reinforcing the single lap joints (SLJs) and the joints were tested at different temperature and load levels. The results showed that 0.1 wt% of MWCNTs resulted maximum improvements in creep behavior of adhesive joints. Adding 0.1 wt% of MWCNTs into the adhesive layer caused maximum reductions of 57%, 60% and 47% in the steady-state creep rates of the joints tested at 30, 40 and 50°C, respectively. Furthermore, 0.1 wt% of MWCNTs resulted maximum reductions of 29%, 33% and 37% in the creep strains corresponding to a specific creep loading time and maximum reductions of 23%, 45% and 49% in the elastic strains corresponding to the time at which creep loading started.     

Investigation on the Effect of Pre-heating with Butane Gas Torch in Formability of High Tension Steel (HTS) by Using Taguchi Experimental Method in Roll Forming Process

This study was carried out to evaluate a new roll forming process involving pre-heating using a gas torch. The temperature distribution for the formed sheet was observed using a 3D-IR graph generated from a thermal imaging camera. The appropriate distance between the formed sheet and the butane gas torch was also determined based on the results of the flame characteristics. The thermal effects of the formed sheet were confirmed by the temperature distribution. Spring-back analysis was applied to the Nominal the Best characteristic of Taguchi’s experimental method. In spring-back analysis, the forming speed is an influential variable. Bow analysis was applied to the Smaller the best characteristic of Taguchi’s experimental method. Lastly, at room temperature, the roll forming process was performed with pre-heating and formability was analyzed with respect to spring-back, bow and variance of bending angle (buckling). Spring-back, bow and buckling with the roll forming process involving pre-heating got improved by 0.97°, 0.17 mm and 0.20, respectively, compared to the same processes at room temperature. Forming speed appeared to have the most influence on the formability and pre-heating was found to improve the formability in the roll forming process.