交联聚乙烯电力电缆的介电损耗机理(英文)

基于电介质物理学经典理论及其在聚合物绝缘材料上的最新发展,阐述绝缘材料的介质损耗机理以及交联聚乙烯电力电缆介电损耗的最新研究进展。通过大量的试验研究,结合等效电路法和微观理论分析,发现了交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘系统中在不同频率时起主要作用的3种不同类型的介电损耗,且这些介电损耗共同造成了50 Hz频率电力电缆系统的介电损耗。这一新发现可以帮助电缆制造商提高生产技术,有助于电气工程师更好地了解电力电缆绝缘系统,从而可能减少电力电缆的介电损耗和增加其寿命。     

Elasto-plastic model for analysis of influence of imperfections on stiffness of fully anchored light-frame timber shear walls

In order to stabilize timber-framed buildings against lateral loads, the diaphragm action of roofs, floors and walls is often used. This paper deals with the influence of imperfections such as gaps and uplift on the stiffness and the horizontal displacement of fully anchored shear walls. The significance of analyzing the effects of imperfections is evident when evaluating the stiffness of shear walls; tests of walls show that the horizontal displacement is underestimated in calculations using the stiffness of sheathing-to-framing joints as obtained from experiments. Also, in real structures where hold-downs are used, the influence of gaps and uplift should be included in order to obtain realistic displacements in the serviceability limit state. The analytical model is based on ideal plastic behavior of the mechanical sheathing-to-timber joints with stresses parallel to the perimeter of the frame and on linear elastic behavior for stresses perpendicular to the bottom rail. Using this elasto-plastic model, the equations for the stiffness and the deflection versus the number of segments in the wall are derived. The fully anchored condition for the shear walls is simulated by applying a diagonal load to the shear wall. Three types of imperfections are evaluated: Walls with gaps at all studs, a gap only at the trailing stud, and gaps at all studs, except at the trailing stud. It is shown that the effect of imperfections on the stiffness of the wall in the initial stage is considerable. Depending on the distribution of the gaps and the number of segments included in the shear wall, the displacement of the shear wall is increased several times compared to that of a fully anchored wall diaphragm with no gaps; e.g. for a single segment wall more than four times. However, for walls with more than six segments the effect of imperfections can be neglected. Finally, the theoretical model is experimentally verified.     

Deposition and characterization of magnetron sputtered amorphous Cr-C films

Thin films in the Cr-C system with carbon content of 25-85 at.% have been deposited using non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering from elemental targets. Analyses with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the films are completely amorphous. Also, annealing experiment show that the films had not crystallized at 500 °C. Furthermore, X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that the films consist of two phases, an amorphous CrC_x phase and an amorphous carbon (a-C) phase. The presence of two amorphous phases is also supported by the electrochemical analysis, which shows that oxidation of both chromium and carbon contributes to the total current in the passive region. The relative amounts of these amorphous phases influence the film properties. Typically, lower carbon content with less a-C phase leads to harder films with higher Young’s modulus and lower resistivity. The results also show that both films have lower currents in the passive region compared to the uncoated 316L steel substrate. Finally, our results were compared with literature data from both reactively and non-reactively sputtered chromium carbide films. The comparison reveals that non-reactive sputtering tend to favour the formation of amorphous films and also influence e.g. the sp²/sp³ ratio of the a-C phase.     

A Latent Markov Model for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data Collected in Continuous Time: States, Durations, and Transitions.

Markov models provide a general framework for analyzing and interpreting time dependencies in psychological applications. Recent work extended Markov models to the case of latent states because frequently psychological states are not directly observable and subject to measurement error. This article presents a further generalization of latent Markov models to allow for the analysis of rating data that are collected at arbitrary points in time. This extension offers new ways of investigating change processes by focusing explicitly on the durations that are spent in latent states. In an experience sampling application the author shows that such duration analyses can provide valuable insights about chronometric features of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discharge of newly-synthesized dolichol and ubiquinone with lipoproteins to rat liver perfusate and to the bile

An effective system for perfusing rat liver using complete tissue culture medium and washed calf erythrocytes as oxygen carriers was devised. Infusion of taurocholate and glucose proved necessary to maintain stable metabolic activity an bile secretion during a 6-hr period. Perfusate pO₂, pCO₂ and pH values were monitored continuously and found to be stable. Electron microscopic examination revealed the maintenance of normal hepatic structure, even after 6 hr. Normal rates of protein and urea synthesis, no leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes, and continuous bile acid production demonstrated the functional integrity of this system. Using [³H]mevalonic acid as precursor, dolichol, dolichyl phosphate, ubiquinone and cholesterol were found to be continuously synthesized in this perfusate, indicating discharge through the ER-Golgi system. The lipoproteins of the perfusate were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized with respect to size distribution and lipid composition. Dolichol was found in VLDL, LDL and HDL fractions, with the highest concentration present in the latter. In rat and human blood plasma this lipid was mainly associated with HDL. The ubiquinone in the perfusate was primarily associated with the VLDL fraction, while in rat plasma it was found more evenly distributed among all the three lipoprotein fractions studied. Dolichol, ubiquinone and cholesterol were also discharged to the bile, whereas dolichyl phosphate was not. Thus, newly-synthesized dolichol and ubiquinone are transported out of the hepatocyte to the blood and to the bile.     

An algorithm for optimization of non-linear shell structures

An algorithm for optimal design of non-linear shell structures is presented. The algorithm uses numerical optimization techniques and nonlinear finite element analysis to find a minimum weight structure subject to equilibrium conditions, stability constraints and displacement constraints. A barrier transformation is used to treat an apparent non-smoothness arising from posing the stability constraints in terms of the eigenvalues of the Hessian of the potential energy of the structure. A sequential quadratic programming strategy is used to solve the resulting non-linear optimization problem. Matrix sparsity in the constraint Jacobian is exploited because of the large number of variables. The usefulness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by minimizing the weight of a number of stiffened thin shell structures.     

Dual-magnetron open field sputtering system for sideways deposition of thin films

A dual-magnetron system for deposition inside tubular substrates has been developed. The two magnetrons are facing each other and have opposing magnetic fields forcing electrons and thereby also ionized material to be transported radially towards the substrate. The depositions were made employing direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). To optimize the deposition rate, the system was characterized at different separation distances between the magnetrons under the same sputtering conditions. The deposition rate is found to increase with increasing separation distance independent of discharge technique. The emission spectrum from the HiPIMS plasma shows a highly ionized fraction of the sputtered material. The electron densities of the order of 10¹⁶ m^− 3 and 10¹⁸ m^− 3 have been determined in the DCMS and the HiPIMS plasma discharges respectively. The results demonstrate a successful implementation of the concept of sideways deposition of thin films providing a solution for coating complex shaped surfaces.     

Abgasreinigung an Biomassekleinfeuerungsanlagen und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Kombination von katalytischen und elektrostatischen Abgasreinigungsverfahren

Small‐scale furnaces for combustion of solid biomass can emit toxic or harmful gases and particulate matter. In this paper a representative selection of technologies for exhaust gas purification available on the market and in the development stage, respectively, is presented. Until now, no technology exists, which is able to reduce emissions of gaseous as well as solid pollutants from small‐scale combustion. The enquiry about the state of the art revealed that the combination of electrostatic precipitators with catalytic post‐combustion is a promising method. Results of experimental studies on such a combination are presented.