Cis- and trans-linalool 3,7-oxides and methyl salicylate glycosides and (Z)-3-hexenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as aroma precursors from tea leaves for oolong tea

Two new alcoholic aroma precursors, cis- and trans-linalool, 3,7-oxides 6-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosides (1 and 2), as well as two already known compounds, (Z)-3-hexenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) and methyl salicylate 6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (beta-primeveroside: 4), and another new monoterpendiol glycoside, 8-hydroxygeranyl beta-primeveroside (5) have recently been isolated as aroma precursors in tea leaves (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Maoxie) ready for oolong tea processing.     

Beam deflection in a transverse-flow gas laser

The beam deflection phenomenon of a transverse-flow discharge-excited CO₂ gas laser is studied by measuring the beam pattern with the rotating-wire method at gas velocities of 35-70 m/s, gas pressures of 5.3-10.6 kPa (10³ N/m²), and laser powers of 50-700 W. The beam deflection distance increased with increasing laser power and gas pressure and with decreasing gas velocity. All the data points of beam deflection distances observed experimentally fell on one line when normalized by the gas pressure and plotted against the measured temperature gradient in the resonator. It is shown that the most important factor affecting the beam deflection is the refractive index variation of the gas produced by the gas temperature gradient in the resonator. Methods to reduce the beam-deflection distances are suggested     

Gyromagnetic nonlinear element and its application as a pulse-shaping transmission line

The generation of a bipolarity solitary wave (soliton) is examined by using a transmission line containing gyromagnetic nonlinear inductors. The results indicate that a transmission line of the form shown here can be used in high-peak-power pulse-generating networks.     

Universal service creation and provision environment forintelligent network

The evolution of the intelligent network (IN) is summarized, and its service creation requirements and provision environment are clarified. A prototype system called the ISDN development experimental system for advanced services (IDEA), which has been developed to validate the foregoing, is described. The evaluation of the system design and its future evolution are discussed     

Ethanol and lactic acid production using sap squeezed from old oil palm trunks felled for replanting

Old oil palm trunks that had been felled for replanting were found to contain large quantities of high glucose content sap. Notably, the sap in the inner part of the trunk accounted for more than 80% of the whole trunk weight. The glucose concentration of the sap from the inner part was 85.2 g/L and decreased towards the outer part. Other sugars found in relatively low concentrations were sucrose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and rhamnose. In addition, oil palm sap was found to be rich in various kinds of amino acids, organic acids, minerals and vitamins. Based on these findings, we fermented the sap to produce ethanol using the sake brewing yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai no.7. Ethanol was produced from the sap without the addition of nutrients, at a comparable rate and yield to the reference fermentation on YPD medium with glucose as a carbon source. Likewise, we produced lactic acid, a promising material for bio-plastics, poly-lactate, from the sap using the homolactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus lactis ATCC19435. We confirmed that sugars contained in the sap were readily converted to lactic acid with almost the same efficiency as the reference fermentation on MSR medium with glucose as a substrate. These results indicate that oil palm trunks felled for replanting are a significant resource for the production of fuel ethanol and lactic acid in palm oil-producing countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia.