Study on Model Predictive Control to Minimize Movements in Positions Due to Thermal Expansion of Plate with Varying Generation of Heat

Precise temperature control to decrease movements in positions due to thermal expansion of work pieces is required in the manufacturing processes to achieve nanometer-order accuracy. We analytically examined the effect of a method of minimizing movements in positions on a plate with varying generation of noise-heat. Control by monitoring temperature changes caused larger movements in positions than that without control because maximum change in temperature occurred at non-monitoring positions. The best method of minimizing movements in positions due to thermal expansion of a plate with varying generation of noise-heat was model predictive control by the monitoring movements and distributed temperature changes in the control heater according to the effects of the generation of noise-heat. The maximum movement in positions was 6 nm, which was 1/4 times of that without control.     

Study on the transport of suspended sediment in an open channel flow with permeable spur dikes

The transport of suspended sediment in rivers with spur dikes is an important issue for bank protection and environmental management. Laboratory experiments were performed to study the characteristics of the flow and the transport of suspended sediment in an open channel with permeable dikes. Firstly, the essentials of these characteristics were studied by comparing results of flume experiments on permeable and impermeable dikes. The influence of the aspect ratio (d/l) of the interval between dikes (d) to the length of dikes (l) on these characteristics was then investigated. In these experiments, the properties of horizontal eddies, turbulence structures, and suspended sediment concentrations were studied. The results show that the development of large-scale horizontal eddies requires some distance in a shear layer for permeable dikes, although they are periodically generated from the first dike in the case of impermeable dikes. The basic structures of horizontal eddies are independent of the aspect ratio in the equilibrium region for permeable dikes. The suspended sediment concentrations for cases of permeable dikes gradually decrease between the several upstream dikes and they approach a uniform distribution in the downstream region, although those in the case of the impermeable dikes are relatively uniform in the downstream direction.     

Electrochemical properties of N-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon films fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition methods

Nitrogen-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films (a-C:N:H, N-doped DLC) were synthesized with microwave-assisted plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition widely used for DLC coating such as the inner surface of PET bottles. The electrochemical properties of N-doped DLC surfaces that can be useful in the application as an electrochemical sensor were investigated. N-doped DLC was easily fabricated using the vapor of nitrogen contained hydrocarbon as carbon and nitrogen source. A N/C ratio of resulting N-doped DLC films was 0.08 and atomic ratio of sp³/sp²-bonded carbons was 25/75. The electrical resistivity and optical gap were 0.695 Ω cm and 0.38 eV, respectively. N-doped DLC thin film was found to be an ideal polarizable electrode material with physical stability and chemical inertness. The film has a wide working potential range over 3 V, low double-layer capacitance, and high resistance to electrochemically induced corrosion in strong acid media, which were the same level as those for boron-doped diamond (BDD). The charge transfer rates for the inorganic redox species, Fe^2+/3+ and Fe(CN)₆^4−/3− at N-doped DLC were sufficiently high. The redox reaction of Ce^2+/3+ with standard potential higher than H₂O/O₂ were observed due to the wider potential window. At N-doped DLC, the change of the kinetics of Fe(CN)₆^3−/4− by surface oxidation is different from that at BDD. The rate of Fe(CN)₆^3−/4− was not varied before and after oxidative treatment on N-doped DLC includes sp² carbons, which indicates high durability of the electrochemical activity against surface oxidation.     

Structural characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone)-grafted cellulose acetate and butyrate by solid-state C NMR, dynamic mechanical, and dielectric relaxation analyses

Investigations were made into the molecular dynamics and intercomponent mixing state in solid films of two series of cellulosic graft copolymers, cellulose acetate-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) (CA-g-PCL) and cellulose butyrate-g-PCL (CB-g-PCL), both series being prepared over a wide range of compositions with CAs or CBs of acyl DS ≈ 2.1, 2.5, and 2.95. It was shown by T_1ρ^H measurements in solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy that all the copolymer samples, except ones using CA of DS = 2.98, formed an amorphous monophase in which the trunk and graft components were mixed homogeneously at least in a scale of a few nanometers. However, those copolymer samples gave, more or less, a response of dynamic heterogeneity, when examined under mechanical oscillation. Through dielectric relaxation measurements, a clear comparison was made between the CA-g-PCL and CB-g-PCL series, regarding the cooperativeness in segmental motions of the trunk and graft chains, directly associated with the extent of the dynamic heterogeneity. The cooperativeness was generally higher in the CB-based copolymer series, probably due to working of the butyryl substituent as an internal compatibilizer.     

Dietary Guar Gum Reduces Lymph Flow and Diminishes Lipid Transport in Thoracic Duct-Cannulated Rats

Guar gum has a well-recognized hypolipidemic effect. This effect is thought to be due to the physicochemical properties of guar gum, which may cause changes in adsorption of lipids or the viscosity of the intestinal contents. Guar gum is a non-specific absorption inhibitor of any type of lipid-soluble compound. Permanent lymph duct cannulation was performed on rats to investigate the effects of dietary guar gum on lymph flow and lipid transport. Rats fed a 5% guar gum diet were compared with those fed a 5% cellulose diet, and lymph was collected after feeding. The water-holding capacity (WHC), settling volume in water (SV), and viscosity of guar gum were compared with those of cellulose. Rats fed with the guar gum diet had significantly lower lymph flow and lymphatic lipid transport than did rats fed with the cellulose diet. The WHC, SV, and viscosity of guar gum were significantly higher than those of cellulose. We propose that dietary guar gum reduces lymph flow and thereby diminishes lipid transport by means of its physicochemical properties related to water behavior in the intestine.     

Hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing polymer latices as dispersants and binders for waterborne carbon black paint

Poly(styrene‐co‐butyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate) latices were prepared by emulsion polymerization with alkali‐hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable cationic emulsifiers and were used as a dispersant and binder for waterborne carbon black (CB) paint. CB was dispersed in the latex solutions and then coated on filter paper pretreated with dilute aqueous Na₂CO₃ under mild conditions. The styrene (St)‐rich rigid copolymer latices easily dispersed the CB but fixed a little amount of the pigment on the paper surface. In contrast, the methacrylate‐ and acrylate‐rich soft latices tended to increase the adhesibility on it. We also demonstrated that the hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing latices always had a higher adhesibility than the nonhydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing ones. Thus, the hydrolyzable‐emulsifier‐containing latices with an appropriate St content had the highest paintability, rapid adhesion, quick drying, reduced fading, superior fastness, and so on. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3869–3873, 2013     

THz-wave absorption by field-induced carriers in pentacene thin-film transistors for THz imaging sensors

Innovative sensing systems based on THz electromagnetic waves have been attracting a great deal of attention. Although many THz detectors have been developed over the years, it is currently difficult to manufacture low-cost THz sensing/imaging devices. In the present study, we propose to use organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and small potential fluctuation against the carriers within them (N. Ohashi, H. Tomii, R. Matsubara, M. Sakai, K. Kudo, M. Nakamura, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 162105). We use THz time-domain spectroscopy for OFETs in which the carrier density in the pentacene active layer is modulated by the gate bias. We found evidence that the accumulated free holes in pentacene films can be excited by THz photons to overcome the surrounding barriers in the fluctuating potential. The Drude–Lorentz model could not account for the shape of the absorption spectra, which suggests that the holes are weakly restricted by the potential fluctuation. The integrated absorption intensity was proportional to the transfer characteristics of the OFETs. The present findings represent an important step toward developing a new class of THz-wave sensors.     

Thermoelectric Generation Using Water Lenses

A solar light concentrator composed of water and plastic transparent film has been designed. This flexible lens design can trace the solar movement through control of the tensile stress and amount of water, and concentrate the solar energy onto the thermoelectric (TE) module surface. An experimental water lens was constructed, and the concentrated intensity was monitored by a photodiode as a function of x–z position; For example, when 3.0 kg water was filled and tension of 69.0 N/m was applied to the transparent vinyl sheet, the concentration ratio was evaluated as the maximum of 28.0 at a depth of 657 mm from the water lens bottom surface. TE generation was tested to show the validity of the water lens. The surface condition of the receiver was found to be critical.