Combined biological and ozone treatment of log yard run-off

Batch biological treatment of log yard run-off reduced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and tannin and lignin (TL) concentration by 99%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Acute (Microtox) toxicity was decreased over treatment, from an initial EC50 of 1.83% to a value of 50.4% after 48 h of treatment. Kinetics of biodegradation were determined using respirometry and fitted using the Monod and Tessier model. For the Monod model the maximum substrate uptake rate, and Ks values determined were 0.0038 mg BOD/mgVSS min, and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. The efficacy of ozone as a pre- and post- biological treatment stage was also assessed. During ozone pretreatment, TL concentration and acute toxicity were rapidly reduced by 70% and 71%, respectively. Pre-ozonation reduced BOD and COD concentration by < 10%, however a larger fraction of residual COD was non biodegradable after ozonation. Biologically treated effluent was subjected to ozonation to determine whether further improvements in effluent quality could be achieved. A reduction in COD and TL concentration was observed during ozonation, however no further improvement in toxicity was observed. Ozonation increased BOD by 38%, due to conversion of COD to BOD.     

Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between dissolved and particulate phases in natural waters

Quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are carcinogens, enter natural waters in effuents of coke production and other high-temperature industrial pyrolysis processes. Because of their low water solubilities. PAH compounds are generally considered to occur in particulate form in lakes and rivers. However, present studies of ¹⁴C-anthracene adsorption by autoclaved yeast cells indicated that significant fractions of both dissolved and particulate forms of PAH may exist in natural waters. Quantities of anthracene adsorbed exceeded values for PAH adsorption onto mineral surfaces by more than an order of magnitude: suspended organic material may thus be more important than mineral particles in adsorption of PAH compounds. Adsorption was highly dependent upon the yeast cell concentration, and varied widely through the range of suspended organic solids normally encountered in natural waters. The heat of adsorption (5.2 kcal/mole) was characteristic of a physical adsorptive process. Because ecological effects and pathways of dissolved and particulate PAH may differ, adsorptive partitioning may be important in determining PAH hazards to higher organisms in aquatic food chains, and ultimately to man.     

长江经济带区域结构:"核心-边缘"视角

从"核心-边缘"理论视角出发,通过定量方法分析了新时期长江经济带的区域结构和重构基本特征与规律,并预测未来一段时间的基本趋势.     

Trace-metal concentrations in normal human liver: methods to cope with marked variability

Concentrations of trace elements in human tissues characteristically vary widely, and the distributions of most concentrations are skewed to the right. Examination of some of the factors which contribute to the marked variability and skewness of the concentrations revealed that: (1) distributions of concentrations are satisfactorily normal (Gaussian) after logarithmic transformation, (2) ash weight is the best frame of reference in which to report results, (3) the distributions of metal concentrations are not further normalized by adjustments which assume that tissue lipid or collagen contains a fixed fraction of the metal found in the parenchyma, and (4) the choice of sample site within the liver is of minimal significance.     

小城镇成长机制及其规划启示

一、目前小城镇成长中存在的主要问题目前国内对小城镇界定认识不一。笔者认为小城镇应为建制镇和县城。未来条件好的县城应逐步设为小城市,小城镇主要为县城以外的建制镇,且小城镇人口应达到一定规模,以3万人以上为宜。我国目前小城镇一是规模小、数量多,缺乏重点,不是有序建设,而是一哄而起,盲目追求数量;多数镇是行政建镇和乡改镇的产物,缺乏经济基础和非农产业支撑,缺乏吸引力和辐射功能,大多处于传统的农业经济阶段。二是缺乏科学的区域城镇体系规划和总体规划,小城镇定位缺乏依据,产业结构雷同,缺乏个性;企业规模小、布局分散,难以形…     

也谈防水工程的招投标

政府采购招标是一种公开、公正、公平，与国际接轨的先进做法，是政府反腐倡廉的重要手段；通过公开招标，可以降低政府运作成本。通过对政府采购招标的几个案例的分析，指出专业防水工程在招标中存在的一些问题，以引起有关行业人士的关注与重视。     

开创钢结构产业科学发展新局面——近二十年国内钢结构的发展与特点

“建筑是用石头写成的史书”，在法国文学家维克多·雨果先生生活的那个时代是没有疑问的。然而，斗转星移，当历史的车轮驶入二十一世纪，当今世界的史书，恐怕没有多少是用石头写的。几千年来，建筑结构走过了从木结构、砖石结构到钢筋水泥结构、钢混结构的漫长历程，如今是钢结构引领潮流。[第一段]     

Thermorheological model of a frozen-soil continuum

A method of evaluating the stress-strain state of frozen soils, which takes into account the existence of elastoviscoplastic and temperature deformations over time under variable external effects, is described. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 10–13, July–August, 1997.     

Combined nitrification/denitrification in a membrane reactor

An ever stricter legislation regulating wastewater leads to an increasing demand for biological treatment plants which are able to selectively eliminate nitrogen from wastewaters with a high influent concentration, even when operating in partial influent mode. A membrane-tube-module (MSM) reactor (Membran-Schlauch-Modul-Reaktor) was constructed and realized in the IUV at the University of Bremen. The present approach makes use of all the various layers of the whole biofilm, enabling nitrification and denitrification processes to run simultaneously in one and the same biofilm under optimized conditions. The biological degradation capacity of the system was first successfully tested with synthetic wastewater, and subsequently in a real application with effluents from a recycling of animal carcasses plant and from a coke-oven plant. A mathematical model was devised which describes this biofilm system. The resulting equations were solved by means of the simulation software AQUASIM.     

The bacterial population of piggery-waste anaerobic digesters

A survey was made of the anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria present in piggery waste, digesting piggery waste and domestic anaerobic sludge sludge used to start a piggery waste digester. An influence of the input waste was shown in that streptococci, the predominant facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the piggery waste, were the predominant bacteria in the digesting waste, and they replaced Enterobacter, predominant in the domestic sludge, when a piggery waste digestion had been established from this latter material. Cellulolytic or methanogenic bacteria could not be detected in the piggery waste but populations of these, and other hydrolytic bacteria, became established at different times during the buildup of digestion by gradual addition of piggery waste to water. The bacteria concerned in degradation of the waste constituents were all anaerobes.Production of methane from H₂/CO₂, formate and butyrate could be detected in mixed cultures from dilutions of digester contents, but the only methanogenic bacterium that could be isolated in pure culture was Methanobacterium formicicum, which uses H₂/CO₂ or formate only.