Vertex-Edge Degree Based Indices of Honey Comb Derived Network

Chemical graph theory is a branch of mathematics which combines graph theory and chemistry. Chemical reaction network theory is a territory of applied mathematics that endeavors to display the conduct of genuine compound frameworks. It pulled the research community due to its applications in theoretical and organic chemistry since 1960. Additionally, it also increases the interest the mathematicians due to the interesting mathematical structures and problems are involved. The structure of an interconnection network can be represented by a graph. In the network, vertices represent the processor nodes and edges represent the links between the processor nodes. Graph invariants play a vital feature in graph theory and distinguish the structural properties of graphs and networks. In this paper, we determined the newly introduced topological indices namely, first -degree Zagreb index, first -degree Zagreb index, second -degree Zagreb index, -degree Randic index, -degree atom-bond connectivity index, -degree geometric-arithmetic index, -degree harmonic index and -degree sum-connectivity index for honey comb derived network. In the analysis of the quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) and the quantitative structureactivity relationships (QSARs), graph invariants are important tools to approximate and predicate the properties of the biological and chemical compounds. Also, we give the numerical and graphical representation of our outcomes.     

Advanced Friction–Wear Behavior of Organic Brake Pads Using a Newly Developed System

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of an advanced performance system on the tribological behavior of brake pad material using a specially designed brake pad tester system following standard SAE J-661. The tribological behavior and friction and wear characteristics of the organic brake pad samples were evaluated. During braking tests, the samples, in contact with a cast iron disk, were studied at different disc speeds, temperatures, and braking cycles under a constant pressure. In order to understand the friction and wear behavior, the unworn surfaces, worn surfaces, and wear debris were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Furthermore, the surface characteristics and differences in the wear modes of the brake pad samples were examined. Wear debris was permitted to deform the brake pad surfaces, leading to friction layers and enabling the estimation of the friction behavior of the brake pads. The results showed that the best friction–wear behavior was obtained with lower braking cycles at low speeds and temperature. Thus, the newly developed brake pad tester system proved very effective in evaluating the performance of the brake pad samples.     

Exact Analysis of Non-Linear Fractionalized Jeffrey Fluid. A Novel Approach of Atangana-Baleanu Fractional Model

It is a very difficult task for the researchers to find the exact solutions to mathematical problems that contain non-linear terms in the equation. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the viscous dissipation (VD) effect on the fractional model of Jeffrey fluid over a heated vertical flat plate that suddenly moves in its own plane. Based on the Atangana-Baleanu operator, the fractional model is developed from the fractional constitutive equations. VD is responsible for the non-linear behavior in the problem. Upon taking the Laplace and Fourier sine transforms, exact expressions have been obtained for momentum and energy equations. The influence of relative parameters on fluid flow and temperature distribution is shown graphically. As special cases, and for the sake of correctness, the corresponding results for second-grade fluid and Newtonian viscous fluid are also obtained. It is interesting to note that fractional parameter α provides more than one line as compared to the classical model. This effect represents the memory effect in the fluid which is not possible to elaborate by the classical model. It is also worth noting that the temperature profile of the generalized Jeffrey fluid rises for higher values of Eckert number which is due to the enthalpy difference of the boundary layer.     

Novel Analytical Thermal Performance Rate Analysis in ZnO-SAE50 Nanolubricant: Nonlinear Mathematical Model

The investigation of local thermal transport rate in the nanolubricants is significant. These lubricants are broadly used in environmental pollution, mechanical engineering and in the paint industry due to high thermal performance rate. Therefore, thermal transport in ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant under the impacts of heat generation/absorption is conducted. The colloidal suspension is flowing between parallel stretching disks in which the lower disk is positioned at z = 0 and upper disk apart from distance d. The problem is transformed in dimensionless version via described similarity transforms. In the next stage, an analytical technique (VPM) is implemented for the solution purpose. The graphical results against multiple flow parameters were furnished over the region of interest and explained comprehensively. It is imperative to mention that the results are plotted for ZnO-SAE50 and conventional liquid as well. Further, rapid motion of the fluid is perceived against high Reynolds and γ parameters. The wall shear stresses at the upper end rises for multiple Reynolds and γ while; decrement is detected at the lower end. The significant contribution of an internal heat source is noted for thermal performance rate at the upper end. Foremost, the local heat transport rate declines at the lower disk. By altering Reynolds number, prompt heat transfer rate is gained at the upper disk and increasing behavior of the local heat transport rate is slow at the lower disk. From the study, it is concluded that the nanolubricants have high thermal characteristics. Therefore, such fluids are reliable to use in above stated areas.     

Osteoporosis Prediction for Trabecular Bone using Machine Learning: A Review

Trabecular bone holds the utmost importance due to its significance regarding early bone loss. Diseases like osteoporosis greatly affect the structure of the Trabecular bone which results in different outcomes like high risk of fracture. The objective of this paper is to inspect the characteristics of the Trabecular Bone by using the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique. These characteristics prove to be quite helpful in studying different studies related to Trabecular bone such as osteoporosis. The things that were considered before the selection of the articles for the systematic review were language, research field, and electronic sources. Only those articles written in the English language were selected as it is the most prominent language used in scientific, engineering, computer science, and biomedical researches. This literature review was conducted on the articles published between 2006 and 2020. A total of 62 research papers out of 1050 papers were extracted which were according to our topic of review after screening abstract and article content for the title and abstract screening. The findings from those researches were compiled at the end of the result section. This systematic literature review presents a comprehensive report on scientific researches and studies that have been done in the medical area concerning trabecular bone.     

Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles in Engine Oil: Atangana–Baleanu Fractional Model

The present article aims to examine the heat and mass distribution in a free convection flow of electrically conducted, generalized Jeffrey nanofluid in a heated rotatory system. The flow analysis is considered in the presence of thermal radiation and the transverse magnetic field of strength B₀. The medium is porous accepting generalized Darcy’s law. The motion of the fluid is due to the cosine oscillations of the plate. Nanofluid has been formed by the uniform dispersing of the Silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil. The problem has been modeled in the form of classical partial differential equations and then generalized by replacing time derivative with Atangana–Baleanu (AB) time-fractional derivative. Upon taking the Laplace transform technique (LTT) and using physical boundary conditions, exact expressions have been obtained for momentum, energy, and concentration distributions. The impact of a number of parameters on fluid flow is shown graphically. The numerical tables have been computed for variation in the rate of heat and mass transfer with respect to rooted parameters. Finally, the classical solution is recovered by taking the fractional parameter approaching unity. It is worth noting that by adding silver nanoparticles in regular engine oil, its heat transfer rate increased by 14.59%, which will improve the life and workability of the engine.     

Role of Fuzzy Approach towards Fault Detection for Distributed Components

Component-based software development is rapidly introducing numerous new paradigms and possibilities to deliver highly customized software in a distributed environment. Among other communication, teamwork, and coordination problems in global software development, the detection of faults is seen as the key challenge. Thus, there is a need to ensure the reliability of component-based applications requirements. Distributed device detection faults applied to tracked components from various sources and failed to keep track of all the large number of components from different locations. In this study, we propose an approach for fault detection from component-based systems requirements using the fuzzy logic approach and historical information during acceptance testing. This approach identified error-prone components selection for test case extraction and for prioritization of test cases to validate components in acceptance testing. For the evaluation, we used empirical study, and results depicted that the proposed approach significantly outperforms in component selection and acceptance testing. The comparison to the conventional procedures, i.e., requirement criteria, and communication coverage criteria without irrelevancy and redundancy successfully outperform other procedures. Consequently, the F-measures of the proposed approach define the accurate selection of components, and faults identification increases in components using the proposed approach were higher (i.e., more than 80 percent) than requirement criteria, and code coverage criteria procedures (i.e., less than 80 percent), respectively. Similarly, the rate of fault detection in the proposed approach increases, i.e., 92.80 compared to existing methods i.e., less than 80 percent. The proposed approach will provide a comprehensive guideline and roadmap for practitioners and researchers.     

Al₂O₃ and γAl₂O₃ Nanomaterials Based Nanofluid Models with Surface Diffusion: Applications for Thermal Performance in Multiple Engineering Systems and Industries

Thermal transport investigation in colloidal suspensions is taking a significant research direction. The applications of these fluids are found in various industries, engineering, aerodynamics, mechanical engineering and medical sciences etc. A huge amount of thermal transport is essential in the operation of various industrial production processes. It is a fact that conventional liquids have lower thermal transport characteristics as compared to colloidal suspensions. The colloidal suspensions have high thermal performance due to the thermophysical attributes of the nanoparticles and the host liquid. Therefore, researchers focused on the analysis of the heat transport in nanofluids under diverse circumstances. As such, the colloidal analysis of H₂O composed by γAl₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ is conducted over an elastic cylinder. The governing flow models of γAl₂O₃/H₂O and Al₂O₃/H₂O is reduced in the dimensionless form by adopting the described similarity transforms. The colloidal models are handled by implementing the suitable numerical technique and provided the results for the velocity, temperature and local thermal performance rate against the multiple flow parameters. From the presented results, it is shown that the velocity of Al₂O₃–H₂O increases promptly against a high Reynolds number and it decreases for high-volume fraction. The significant contribution of the volumetric fraction is examined for thermal enhancement of nanofluids. The temperature of Al₂O₃–H₂O and γAl₂O₃–H₂O significantly increases against a higher ϕ. Most importantly, the analysis shows that γAl₂O₃–H₂O has a high local thermal performance rate compared to Al₂O₃–H₂O. Therefore, it is concluded that γAl₂O₃–H₂O is a better heat transfer fluid and is suitable for industrial and technological uses.     

Dual Branches of MHD Three-Dimensional Rotating Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid on Nonlinear Shrinking Sheet

In this study, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three-dimensional (3D) flow of alumina (Al₂O₃) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid in a rotating frame has been investigated. The shrinking surface generates the flow that also has been examined. The single-phase (i.e., Tiwari and Das) model is implemented for the hybrid nanofluid transport phenomena. Results for alumina and copper nanomaterials in the water base fluid are achieved. Boundary layer approximations are used to reduce governing partial differential (PDEs) system into the system of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The three-stage Lobatto IIIa method in bvp4c solver is applied for solutions of the governing model. Graphical results have been shown to examine how velocity and temperature fields are influenced by various applied parameters. It has been found that there are two branches for certain values of the suction/injection parameter b: The rise in copper volumetric concentration improved the velocity of hybrid nanofluid in the upper branch. The heat transfer rate improved for the case of hybrid nanofluid as compared to the viscous fluid and simple nanofluid.     

Structure Preserving Algorithm for Fractional Order Mathematical Model of COVID-19

In this article, a brief biological structure and some basic properties of COVID-19 are described. A classical integer order model is modified and converted into a fractional order model with as order of the fractional derivative. Moreover, a valued structure preserving the numerical design, coined as Grunwald–Letnikov non-standard finite difference scheme, is developed for the fractional COVID-19 model. Taking into account the importance of the positivity and boundedness of the state variables, some productive results have been proved to ensure these essential features. Stability of the model at a corona free and a corona existing equilibrium points is investigated on the basis of Eigen values. The Routh–Hurwitz criterion is applied for the local stability analysis. An appropriate example with fitted and estimated set of parametric values is presented for the simulations. Graphical solutions are displayed for the chosen values of (fractional order of the derivatives). The role of quarantined policy is also determined gradually to highlight its significance and relevancy in controlling infectious diseases. In the end, outcomes of the study are presented.