Reliable Differentiated Services Optimization for Network Coding Cooperative Communication System

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new network architecture with flexibility and scalability, researchers introduced the core idea of SDN into wireless network, and a cooperative communication system based on network coding is proposed. In this paper, we carry on an investigation in differentiated service strategy of network coding cooperative communication system. The meaning of differentiated services is for the different applications take different power for data transmission and the transmission power is associated with their reliability needs. In other words, transmission power control is performed in the presence of known reliability, we named the scheme Reliability-Bounded Transmission Power Control (RTPC) scheme. The RTPC scheme changes the way in which all the applications in the past have been able to maintain the power to be transmitted, but the reliability requirements of different applications will be transmitted with different transmission power. In addition, because of the nodes that far away from the sink node still exist a lot of energy when the network died, so consider to improve the transmission power of non-hotpots nodes in order to increase the reliability of data transmission. The experimental results show that the RTPC scheme can greatly improve the transmission reliability without affecting the network lifetime.     

Determining factors for anodic polarization curves of typical structural materials of boiling water reactors in high temperature – high purity water

In order to examine the anodic polarization characteristics of typical structural materials of boiling water reactors (BWRs), the anodic polarization curves of type 316L stainless steel (316L SS) and Alloy 182 were measured in deaerated high purity water at 553 K using the previously reported measurement method which was confirmed suitable for high temperature – high purity water. In order to specify which constituent element determines the dissolution characteristics of these materials, the anodic polarization curves of pure iron, pure nickel, and pure chromium were also surveyed. The anodic polarization curve of 316L SS was determined to have active, passive, and transpassive states which were the same as type 304 SS (304 SS) showed. But, Alloy 182 had different polarization characteristics especially near the corrosion potential as it had no active state. From comparison results of the polarization characteristics of these materials and their constituent elements, the corrosion characteristics of these materials were concluded to be mainly determined by the corrosion characteristics of chromium.     

Improved sublimation growth of single crystals of thiophene/phenylene co-oligomers

We have improved the sublimation recrystallization method using a handmade sublimation apparatus and optimizing various physical conditions. The improved apparatus comprises two closely aligned heaters and enables us to grow the large thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer (TPCO) crystals of high quality. We found it essential and effective for the crystal growth to adjust temperatures of these heaters and their temperature difference of ca. 40-50 °C. We fabricated organic field effect transistor (OFET) devices with the resulting crystals of a TPCO. Those devices show the p-type FET characteristics. The field effect mobilities increased with smaller thicknesses of the crystals; the maximum mobility recorded was 0.021 cm²/Vs.     

Garlic extract and its selected organosulphur constituents promote ileal immune responses ex vivo

The effects of garlic extract and three organosulphur compounds of garlic on intestinal immune responses in mice were investigated. Peyer’s patch (PP) cells were isolated from mice orally administered with garlic extracts or one of three organosulphur compounds (alliin, allicin, diallyl disulphide (DADS)). PP cells isolated from mice that had been orally injected with ethanol extract significantly produced interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4. IL-2 production in PP cells was significantly reduced by hot-water and ethanol extracts from garlic. PP cells from mice administered with two organosulphur compounds, alliin or DADS (5 mg/kg/day), could produce IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4, whereas allicin showed moderate activity. The enhancement activity of IL-2 and IFN-γ productions in PP cells by DADS was higher than those obtained by administration of alliin or allicin. Comprehensive analyses of genetic profiles in PP tissue from mice administered with ethanolic extracts, allicin or alliin revealed that oral administration of samples increased 68–144 genes and decreased 50–52 genes by ?1.8-fold. Analyses of clustering profiles of microarrays indicated that ethanol extract and alliin upregulated the expression of IFN-γ. These data showed that garlic and its organosulphur compounds stimulate de novo IFN-γ biosynthesis in PP cells, thereby promoting ileal immune responses.     

Sphingomyelinase C from Streptomyces sp. A9107: Unusual primary structure for bacterial sphingomyelinase C

A sphingomyelinase C (SMase) was identified in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces sp. A9107 (S-SMase). Although S-SMase seems to be a typical bacterial SMase, the primary structure of S-SMase was unusual for known bacterial SMase. The gene was functionally overexpressed in the culture medium of recombinant Rhodococcus erythropolis.     

Charge resolution of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors for intermediate energy heavy ions

The charge resolution (δZ) for heavy ions (nuclear charge: Z < 40) of 0.1-1 GeV/n energy in CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector (PNTD) and its dependence on etching time, and on projectile Z and energy were investigated and optimized as part of an effort to make precise measurements of projectile charge-changing cross sections. Two types of CR-39 PNTD, HARZLAS TD-1 and BARYOTRAK, were exposed to heavy ion beams with seven values of Z behind thick targets to produce projectile fragments. Following chemical etching (7 N NaOH at 70 °C) for varying etch times, δZ of the projectiles was determined for each detector type. A strong dependence of δZ on the amount of bulk etch (B) was seen. It was also observed that δZ can be remarkably improved with longer etching time as a function of B^−1/2, in accordance with the trend seen in other types of track detector such as glass nuclear track detector. However, for B ? 60 μm (30 h etching), saturation occurs and there is no further improvement in δZ. Analysis of the correlations between projectile Z, energy, detector response, and fluctuation of the response make it possible to develop a model to predict the δZ for projectiles of given Z and energy. The predicted and measured values of δZ show good agreement within 10%. We conclude that 4 ? Z ? 30 at intermediate energy can be identified with good δZ in these detectors. The predictive model will be used in designing future cross section measurement experiments.     

Laser manipulation of micro untransmissive particles in water

The laser trapping of untransmissive particles are discussed in this paper. Photon can generate the momentum to the untransmissive particle by diffraction and reflection on the surface of the particles. We tried laser trapping of untransmissive particles using an attractive force caused by the diffraction and radiation force caused by reflection. The laser trapping system includes CW YAG laser, which has 1.064 μm in wave length and an optical microscope. The motions of particles were monitored by a CCD camera on the top of the microscope and recorded by PC connected to the CCD camera.     

Method of determination of the effective capacity of refrigeration and A/C units of variable speeds

A new evaluation method of transport refrigeration and A/C units is presented. This method allows the overall cooling performance during truck or bus operation, with respect to different engine speeds and driving styles, to be taken into account. The use of this method is demonstrated in the evaluation of two refrigeration units.     

Performance decay of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells under open circuit conditions induced by membrane decomposition

The degradation in performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under open circuit conditions was investigated. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetic current density at 0.9 V was found to decrease from 36 to 4 mA cm⁻² (geometric) without significant crossover increase or loss in the electrochemically active surface area. Cyclic voltammograms for the electrodes show characteristic changes, e.g. appearance of peaks at ∼0.2 V and shift of the onset of platinum oxide formation to higher potentials. It was identified that the large ORR kinetic decay has its origins in the reduction of available Pt sites due to adsorption of anions, which are postulated to be membrane decomposition products such as sulfate ions. Procedures carried out to condense water in the fuel cell led to the expulsion of anions out of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) resulting in the partial recovery of ORR kinetic current density to 15 mA cm⁻². In order to attain complete performance recovery of the catalyst, a more effective and practical method to flush out the anions is desirable.     

Grain-Boundary Viscosity of Preoxidized and Nitrogen-Annealed Silicon Carbides

Internal friction experiments were conducted on a model SiC polycrystal prepared from preoxidized (high-purity) SiC powder. This material contained high-purity SiO₂ glass at grain boundaries in addition to a free-carbon phase, which was completely removed upon powder preoxidation. Comparative tests were conducted on a SiC polycrystal, obtained from the as-received SiC powder with the addition of 2.5 vol% of high-purity SiO₂. This latter SiC material was also investigated after annealing at 1900°C for 3 h in a nitrogen atmosphere. Electron microscopy observations revealed a glass-wetted interface structure in SiC polycrystals prepared from both as-received and preoxidized powders. However, the former material also showed a large fraction of interfaces coated by turbostratic graphite. Upon high-temperature annealing in nitrogen, partial glass dewetting occurred, and voids were systematically observed at multigrain junctions. The actual presence of nitrogen could only be detected in a limited number of wetted interfaces. A common feature in the internal friction behavior of the preoxidized, SiO₂-added and nitrogen-annealed SiC was a relaxation peak that resulted from grain-boundary sliding. Frequency-shift analysis revealed markedly different characteristics for this peak: both the magnitude of the intergranular glass viscosity and the activation energy for grain-boundary viscous flow were much higher in the nitrogen-annealed material. Results of torsional creep tests were consistent with these findings, with nitrogen-annealed SiC being the most creep resistant among the tested materials.