Social network architecture and the maintenance of deleterious cultural traits

How have changes in communications technology affected the way that misinformation spreads through a population and persists? To what extent do differences in the architecture of social networks affect the spread of misinformation, relative to the rates and rules by which individuals transmit or eliminate different pieces of information (cultural traits)? Here, we use analytical models and individual-based simulations to study how a ‘cultural load’ of misinformation can be maintained in a population under a balance between social transmission and selective elimination of cultural traits with low intrinsic value. While considerable research has explored how network architecture affects percolation processes, we find that the relative rates at which individuals transmit or eliminate traits can have much more profound impacts on the cultural load than differences in network architecture. In particular, the cultural load is insensitive to correlations between an individual''s network degree and rate of elimination when these quantities vary among individuals. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in communications technology may have influenced cultural evolution more strongly through changes in the amount of information flow, rather than the details of who is connected to whom.     

Analytical and numerical assessments of local overpressure from hydrogen gas explosions in petrochemical plants

Accurate prediction of pressure rise is important for safety assessments of a petrochemical plant in the event of an explosion accident. The sudden pressures arising from gas explosions at various hydrogen concentrations in air have been predicted analytically and numerically. These solutions were compared against experimental data. The analytical solution, based on the self‐similar solution for pointwise strong explosions in an open space, which assumed no energy loss and premixed fuel‐air mixture, reasonably predicted the explosive‐ignition detonation case while the numerical solutions were more suitable to model spark‐ignition deflagration cases that accounted for the effect of turbulence arising from three‐dimensionality and presence of obstacles in the computational domain. Comparison of both analytical and numerical results against experimental data indicates that their differences are within a 30% margin. The analytical model presented herein can be useful for field engineers who want conservative estimates of the overpressure resulting from explosive‐ignition detonation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Closed-form effective elastic constants of frame-like periodic cellular solids by a symbolic object-oriented finite element program

In this study, the effective elastic constants of several 2D and 3D frame-like periodic cellular solids with different unit-cell topologies are analytically derived using the homogenization method based on equivalent strain energy. The analytical expressions of strain energy of a unit cell under different strain modes are determined using a generic symbolic object-oriented finite element (FE) program written in MATLAB. The obtained analytical expressions of the strain energy are then used to symbolically compute the effective elastic constants that include Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios, and shear moduli. The obtained analytical effective elastic constants are numerically verified using results from an ordinary numerical FE program. The obtained closed-form effective elastic constants are also compared with some existing solutions from the literature. This study demonstrates that symbolic computation platforms can be properly used to provide efficient methodologies for finding useful analytical solutions of mechanical problems. Without the symbolic object-oriented FE program in this study, elaborate and tedious analytical analysis has to be manually performed for each different unit cell. The symbolic object-oriented FE program provides analytical analysis of unit cells that is accurate and fast. The object-oriented programming technique allows the symbolic FE program in this study to be efficiently implemented.     

Marine n-3 fatty acids: Basic features and background

There is some evidence from epidemiology that intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from seafood may protect against coronary artery disease (CAD). This hypothesis is further supported from animal data showing a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA on thrombosis and atherosclerosis in animals fed fish oils in most, but not all, studies. There are several mechanisms by which an increased intake of marine n-3 PUFA may protect against CAD; the most universal finding is a reduction of plasma triglycerides. It is puzzling, however, that a very low amount of n-3 PUFA, with no known beneficial biochemical effects, seems to be cardioprotective. It has therefore been of paramount interest to perform clinical trials. Such evidence and trials are discussed in later chapters, and the results have been very encouraging.     

Freestanding fiber mats of zeolitic imidazolate framework 7 via one‐step,scalable electrospinning

We demonstrated the fabrication of freestanding zeolitic imidazolate framework 7 (ZIF‐7) nanofiber (NF) mats by means of one‐step, scalable electrospinning. The formation of ZIF‐7 nanoparticles embedded in polymer fibers was unambiguously pinpointed via X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and adsorption studies. The NF mats exhibited excellent characteristics, with an average diameter of 245 nm, in the adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide (CO₂); this makes them attractive candidates for gas separation and other selective filtration applications. This excellent property of the ZIF‐7 mats was explained by the gate‐opening phenomenon of ZIF‐7, which yielded a stepwise increase in the overall CO₂ uptake capacity. The mechanical strength of the NF mats was also obtained via large‐strain uniaxial tensile deformation, which enabled preliminary assessment of the mat's suitability for textiles and membranes in targeting separation and filtration applications with large‐area permeability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43788.     

Influence of Particle Velocity of Copper on Emitter Contact by Cold-Spray Method

In this study, we investigated cold-sprayed copper as a front contact for crystalline silicon solar cells. Copper powder was deposited on a monocrystalline silicon wafer with variation of the particle velocity during deposition. The particle velocity was varied by varying the heating temperature from 250 to 400 °C using a gas pressure of 0.45 MPa. The particle velocities were calculated using empirical equations, and were found to increase with an increase in the carrier gas temperature. Grid patterns were formed on a phosphorus-doped n-type emitter of a p-type silicon substrate. The electrode thickness increased with increasing particle velocity. The electrical properties of the grids were evaluated using the transfer length method. The specific contact resistance of the n-type emitter was in the range of 2.6-26.4 mΩ-cm². Damage to the p-n junction was investigated via minority carrier lifetime measurement of the substrate. The copper-silicon interface was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The contact properties were affected by the interface conditions.