IE2M: Design of intellectual energy efficient multicast routing protocol for ad-hoc network

In this paper, an intellectual energy efficient multicast routing protocol is proposed. It achieves enhanced performance over On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP). The proposed protocol finds energy efficient multicast routes from source node to a group of receivers. Multicast mesh creation involves two phases: a Join Query (J-Q) phase and a Join Reply (J-R) phase. The J-Q phase initiates a route discovery process to find routes of the multicast group. In J-R phase, different routes of the multicast groups are set up. In the proposed protocol, we modify ODMRP and introduce fuzzy inference system to deal with imprecise and partial information during the route discovery phase. The decision maker uses two fuzzy variables such as energy and distance for evaluating reward as an output parameter of each multicast route. This output parameter helps to distinguish different multicast route and it also helps to reduce the effect of mutual interference between routes. The proposed protocol is simulated using the NS-2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with existing multicast routing protocols, and results outperform existing protocols in terms of several network metrics.     

Simulation of AA + B′B″ type reversible polymerizations with mass transfer of condensation product

Simulations have been carried out on AA + B′B″ type reversible polymerizations (where A, B′ and B″ are functional groups, with B′ and B″ reacting with A at different rates) with simultaneous removal of the condensation by-product. Three idealized models of industrial reactors have been considered. These include a wiped-film reactor, a pool-reactor with the reaction mass as the continuous phase and a pool-reactor with vapour as the continuous phase. The degree of polymerization and the concentration of functional groups are obtained as a function of the various rate constants as well as the parameters characterizing the reactor.     

Multiobjective optimization of an industrial semibatch nylon 6 reactor

Multiobjective Pareto optimal solutions have been generated for three grades of nylon 6 being produced in an industrial semibatch reactor. The optimal operating conditions (called preferred solutions) for these three batches are easy to implement and lead to substantial improvements over current practice. The technique used is quite general and can easily be applied to improve the operation of other industrial polymerization reactors or design better (new) reactors. Good mathematical models, which account for the important physicochemical aspects actually operative in a reactor and which have been tested on industrial data, are a prerequisite for such optimization studies. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Electrospinning of chitosan/PVA nanofibrous membrane at ultralow solvent concentration

In this work, chitin flakes were deacetylated with 50% (w/v) sodium hydroxide under nitrogen atmosphere at 120 °C for 80 min to obtain chitosan. The chitosan produced was characterized for degree of deacetylation (DD) and molecular weight. Chitosan with the DD of 78–80% was reproducibly obtained. Molecular weight showed an inverse relationship with concentration of NaOH. Chitosan nanofibrous membrane was prepared via the electrospinning of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CH/PVA) aqueous solutions with varying blend compositions. The characteristics of CH/PVA nanofibrous membranes were studied as a function of viscosity of solution and applied voltage. A uniform nanofibrous membrane of average fibre diameter of 80–300 nm was obtained with blend of 2% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid and 5% (w/v) PVA in distilled water in the electric field of 20–25 kV with varying proportion of CH/PVA. With the CH/PVA mass ratios; 40/60 to 10/90, electrospinning of nanofibres could be done. The electrospun nanofibrous membrane was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM images showed that the morphology and diameter of the nanofibres were mainly affected by the weight ratio of CH/PVA. XRD and FTIR confirmed the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the molecules of Chitosan and PVA.     

Investigation into Surface Defects Arising in Hot-Rolled SUP 11A Grade Spring Billets

Silicomanganese grade billets are the most commonly used steels for manufacture of automobile leaf springs. However, Cr-Mn-B grade steel known by trade name of SUP 11A grade is replacing the conventional silicomanganese grades such as 60Si7 or 65Si7 steels because it has become a competitive alternative in the market. Three heats of SUP11A grade spring steel were made through BOF-VAD-CC route and continuously cast into 125 × 125 mm billets. Some of the billets contained blowholes and piping. Rolling of selected billets into 85 × 15 mm flats revealed occasional slivers, seams, and a few shallow hairline surface cracks. A detailed metallurgical investigation was carried out to understand the genesis of these defects. A pearlite-free ferritic microstructure near the cracks combined with the presence of dispersed inclusions resulting from internal oxidation in the vicinity of cracks and the presence of scales within the shallow discontinuous short-length longitudinal cracks indicated that these defects resulted from pre-existing subsurface blowholes lying within 1 mm of billet surface. Reduction of the gas content of liquid steel in the mold, optimization of electromagnetic stirring (EMS) current, and control of superheat are some of the broad measures identified to improve the cast quality of SUP 11A spring steel billets and minimize the rejection of rolled flats.     

Melting model for modular self wiping co-rotating twin screw extruders

A model for the melting process in a self wiping co-rotating twin screw extruder is described. Self-wiping co-rotating twin screw extruders are modular and starve fed. This leads to melting mechanisms that are different from single screw extruders. The melting process in the modular screw configurations generally occurs in specialized sections such as kneading disk blocks. The model, based on our previous experimental observations, considers the formation of two stratified layers of melt in contact with the hot barrel and solid pellets in contact with the relatively colder screw. In the kneading disk blocks, a part of the solid bed is blocked because of the relative stagger between successive disks. The model predicts both the location of melting and melting lengths in a screw configuration. Calculations for individual screw elements and kneading disc elements are presented first. Melting in a modular configuration of these elements is then considered. The effect of operating variables such as mass flow rate and screw speed on melting is then studied. The model is put in a dimensionless form and the effect of various dimensionless groups is discussed. We make a comparison to the experiment and agreement is good.     

Identification of chicken,duck, pigeon and pig meat by species-specific markers of mitochondrial origin

In the present study, PCR based method for meat species identification of chicken, duck, pigeon and pig was achieved by developing species-specific markers. Using mitochondrial sequences species-specific primers were designed and the sizes of them were 256 bp, 292 bp, 401 bp and 835 bp for chicken, duck, pigeon and pig, respectively. The species-specific PCR products were sequenced to confirm the specificity of the product amplified. These markers were subsequently tested for cross amplification by checking them with beef, mutton, chevon, pork, rabbit, chicken, duck, turkey and pigeon meat. DNA markers developed in this study can help identify the species of fresh, cooked and autoclaved meat of chicken, duck and pigeon and fresh and cooked meat of pig. The process of identification is simple, economical and quick as compared to other methods such as RAPD, PCR-RFLP and sequencing method of species identification.