Numerical investigations on natural convection heat transfer from a vertical isothermal plate with pin fins have been made by solving the Navier–Stokes equation along with the energy equation. Average Nusselt number for the plate with different configurations of pin fins have been obtained. It was observed that the maximum increase of the average Nusselt number occurs at Sv/L?=?0.2 for θ?=?45° with fin height of 24?mm (H/t?=?8). The average Nusselt number increases with fin aspect ratio and decreases with angle of inclination. There is not much difference between the average Nusselt number for in-line and staggered arrangement of fins for the range of parameters studied in the present work. A correlation is developed to predict the average Nusselt number of the plate as a function of fin spacing in stream- and span-wise direction, aspect ratio of fins and its angle of inclination. 相似文献
In the present study, performance and emission analysis are done in a twin cylinder four-stroke dual-fuel diesel engine in two cases of operation. In the first case, the engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10% neat oil+90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil+80% diesel) in single mode and in the dual-fuel mode with an optimum producer gas flow rate of 21.49 kg/h under different load conditions. In the second case, the engine is tested using the same test fuels in the dual-fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10 kW. The study reveals that the dual-fuel operation of all test fuels shows a lower engine performance and better control of smoke and oxide of nitrogen emission compared with their single-mode operation under all load conditions. Whereas other emission parameters such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon are at a higher level. 相似文献
Most of the researches on error rate analysis of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS-CDMA) systems assume that the synchronization is perfect. However, in practice, the synchronization is often imperfect due to various effects of channel parameters such as noise and fading. The degree of imperfection further increases due to jamming attacks. The present study, therefore, derives new expressions to compute the probability of error in DSSS-CDMA systems under imperfect synchronisation. It is assumed that the channel is wideband and is subjected to various jamming attacks. A new parameter, called as probability of successful synchronization, was introduced which includes the effects of both the probability of false alarm and detection under fast and slow jammers. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted in MATLAB to establish the validity of the derived mathematical expressions.
Ionization rate coefficients and saturation drift velocities for electrons and holes are the vital material parameters in determining the performance of an IMPATT diode. We have performed a sensitivity analysis of the millimeter wave characteristics of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC IMPATT diodes with reference to the above mentioned material data and an operating frequency of 220 GHz. The effect of a small variation in the ionization rate and drift velocity on the device characteristics like break down voltage, efficiency, noise measure and power output has been presented here. 相似文献
We have presented a comparative account of the high frequency prospective as well as noise behaviors of wide-bandgap 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC based on different structures of IMPATT diodes at sub-millimeter-wave frequencies up to 2.18 THz. The computer simulation study establishes the feasibility of the SiC based IMPATT diode as a high power density terahertz source. The most significant feature lies in the noise behavior of the SiC IMPATT diodes. It is noticed that the 6H-SiC DDR diode shows the least noise measure of 26.1 dB as compared to that of other structures. Further, it is noticed that the noise measure of the SiC IMPATT diode is less at a higher operating frequency compared to that at a lower operating frequency. 相似文献
This paper investigates the influence of high-intensity noise on the correlation spectrum of a two-dimensional (2-D) nonlinear oscillator. An exact analytical solution for the correlation spectrum of this 2-D oscillator is provided. The analytical derivations are well suited for oscillators with white noise of any intensity, but computational constraints on the solution of the partial differential equation may make it impractical for cases where the number of state variables exceeds three. The spectral results predicted by our analytical method are verified by numerical simulations of the noisy oscillator in the time domain. We find that the peak of the oscillator spectrum shifts toward higher frequencies as the noise intensity is increased, as opposed to the fixed oscillation frequency predicted in the existing literature. This phenomenon does not appear to have been reported previously in the context of phase noise in oscillators. 相似文献
The effect of annealing on vertically aligned TiO2 NWs deposited by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method on Si substrate using pressed and sintered TiO2 pellets as source material is studied.The FE-SEM images reveal the retention of vertically aligned NWs on Si substrate after annealing process.The EDS analysis of TiO2 NWs sample annealed at 600℃ in air for 1 h shows the higher weight percentage ratio of~2.6(i.e.,72.27% oxygen and 27.73% titanium).The XRD pattern reveals that the polycrystalline nature of anatase TiO2 dominates the annealed NWs sample.The electrical characteristics of Al/TiO2-NWs/TiO2-TF/p-Si (NW device) and Al/TiO2-TF/p-Si (TF device) based on annealed samples are compared.It is riveting to observe a lower leakage current of~1.32×10-7 A/cm2 at+1 V with interface trap density of~6.71×1011 eV-1cm-2 in NW device compared to~2.23×10-7 A/cm2 in TF device.The dominant leakage mechanism is investigated to be generally Schottky emission;however Poole-Frenkel emission also takes place during high reverse bias beyond 4 V for NWs and 3 V for TF device. 相似文献
A novel, unobtrusive and wearable, multiparameter ambulatory physiologic monitoring system for space and terrestrial applications, termed LifeGuard, is presented. The core element is a wearable monitor, the crew physiologic observation device (CPOD), that provides the capability to continuously record two standard electrocardiogram leads, respiration rate via impedance plethysmography, heart rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, ambient or body temperature, three axes of acceleration, and blood pressure. These parameters can be digitally recorded with high fidelity over a 9-h period with precise time stamps and user-defined event markers. Data can be continuously streamed to a base station using a built-in Bluetooth RF link or stored in 32 MB of on-board flash memory and downloaded to a personal computer using a serial port. The device is powered by two AAA batteries. The design, laboratory, and field testing of the wearable monitors are described. 相似文献
The fault diagnosis in wireless sensor networks is one of the most important topics in the recent years of research work. The problem of fault diagnosis in wireless sensor network can be resembled with artificial immune system in many different ways. In this paper, a detection algorithm has been proposed to identify faulty sensor nodes using clonal selection principle of artificial immune system, and then the faults are classified into permanent, intermittent, and transient fault using the probabilistic neural network approach. After the actual fault status is detected, the faulty nodes are isolated in the isolation phase. The performance metrics such as detection accuracy, false alarm rate, false‐positive rate, fault classification accuracy, false classification rate, diagnosis latency, and energy consumption are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm gives superior results as compared with existing algorithms in terms of the performance metrics. The fault classification performance is measured by fault classification accuracy and false classification rate. It has also seen that the proposed algorithm provides less diagnosis latency and consumes less energy than that of the existing algorithms proposed by Mohapatra et al, Panda et al, and Elhadef et al for wireless sensor network. 相似文献