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81.
Coating of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) relaxor ferroelectrics by a sol–gel method is followed by growth of epitaxial SrRuO3 (SRO) metallic oxide electrodes on SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrate by pulsed laser deposition. High-quality PMN–PT films on SRO with preferred growth orientation were successfully fabricated by controlling the operation parameters. Structural properties of relaxor ferroelectric PMN–PT thin films on SRO/STO substrates have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In-plane and out-of-plane alignments of the heterostructure are confirmed and the structural twinning of the materials are also revealed. 相似文献
82.
Optical scattering in beef steak to predict tenderness using hyperspectral imaging in the VIS-NIR region 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kim Cluff Govindarajan Konda Naganathan Jeyamkondan Subbiah Renfu Lu Chris R. Calkins Ashok Samal 《Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety》2008,2(3):189-196
The objective of this research is to develop a non-destructive method for predicting cooked beef tenderness using optical
scattering of light on fresh beef muscle tissue. A hyperspectral imaging system (λ = 496–1,036 nm) that consists of a CCD
camera and an imaging spectrograph, was used to acquire beef steak images. The hyperspectral image consisted of 120 bands
with spectral intervals of 4.54 nm. Sixty-one fresh beef steaks, including 44 strip loin and 17 tenderloin cuts, were collected.
After imaging, the steaks were cooked and Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force values were collected as tenderness references.
The optical scattering profiles were derived from the hyperspectral images and fitted to the modified Lorentzian function.
Parameters, such as the peak height, full scattering width at half maximum (FWHM), and the slope around the FWHM were determined
at each wavelength. Stepwise regression was used to identify 7 key wavelengths and parameters. The parameters were then used
to predict the WBS scores. The model was able to predict WBS scores with an R = 0.67. Optical scattering implemented with hyperspectral imaging shows limited success for predicting current status of tenderness
in beef steak. 相似文献
83.
Kwang-Chul Noh Hyeon-Cheol Lee Dae-Young Kim Myung-Do Oh 《Electronics Packaging Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on》2008,31(2):143-149
Practical studies on the method of contamination control for yield enhancement in the cellular phone modules production line were carried out. A contamination control method was proposed, consisting of data collection, data analysis, improvement action, verification, and implementation of control. The partition check method and the composition analysis for data collection and data analysis were respectively used in the cellular phone modules manufacturing process, and these methods were evaluated by the variation of yield loss before and after implementing the actions for improvement. In the partition check method, the critical process step was selected, and yield loss reduction through improvement actions was observed, whereas in the composition analysis, critical sources were selected, and yield loss reduction through improvement actions was investigated. From the results, it is concluded that the partition check and the composition analysis are effective solutions for contamination control in cleanroom production lines. 相似文献
84.
Shafeeque G. Ansari Mushtaq Ahmad Dar Young-Soon Kim Hyung-Kee Seo Gil-Sung Kim Rizwan Wahab Zubaida A. Ansari Jae-Myung Seo Hyung-Shik Shin 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2008,25(3):593-598
A comparative study for the nucleation of diamond was carried out using surface treatment like (i) surface scratching with
1 μm diamond paste and (ii) surface etching using chlorine plasma at different RF powers (50, 100 and 150 W). Atomic force
microscopic study shows variation in roughness from 31 nm to 110 nm. Scratching results in random scratches, whereas plasma
etches a surface uniformly. Scanning electron microscopic observations show well faceted crystallites with a predominance
of angular shaped grains corresponding to 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 crystallite surfaces for the scratched as well as plasma etched
substrate. Surface etching at 150 W plasma power results in a better growth in comparison with 50 and 100 W plasma powers.
Chlorine-radical is found responsible for the changes in the growth morphology. Raman spectroscopy shows a sharp peak at 1,332
cm−1 and a peak at ∼1,580 cm−1 for both samples. 相似文献
85.
Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in SBR and SBBR with different ammonium loading rates 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dong-Seog Kim No-Sung Jung Young-Seek Park 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2008,25(4):793-800
Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the deterioration of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) due
to influent ammonium concentration, and to compare the performance of two types of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems,
a conventional SBR and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). Both in SBR and SBBR, the total nitrogen removal efficiency
decreased from 100% to 53% and from 87.5% to 54.4%, respectively, with the increase of influent ammonium concentration from
20 mg/l to 80 mg/l. When the influent ammonium concentration was as low as 20 mg/l (C: N: P=200: 20: 15), denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms (DGAOs) were successfully grown and activated by using
glucose as a sole carbon source in a lab-scale anaerobic-oxic-anoxic (A2O) SBR. In the SBR, due to the effect of incomplete denitrification and pH drop, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency
decreased from 77% to 33.3% when the influent ammonium concentration increased from 20 mg/l to 80 mg/l. However, in the SBBR, simultaneous nitrification/denitrification (SND) occurred, and the nitrification rate in the aerobic
phase did not change remarkably in spite of the increase in influent ammonium concentration. Phosphorus removal was not affected
by the increase of influent ammonium concentration. 相似文献
86.
The use of zero-valent iron for treating wastewaters containing RDX and perchlorate from an army ammunition plant (AAP) in the USA at elevated temperatures and moderately elevated temperature with chemical addition was evaluated through batch and column experiments. RDX in the wastewater was completely removed in an iron column after 6.4 minutes. Increasing the temperature to 75 degrees C decreased the required retention time to 2.1 minutes for complete RDX removal. Perchlorate in the wastewater was completely removed by iron at an elevated temperature of 150 degrees C in batch reactors in 6 hours without pH control. Significant reduction of perchlorate by zero-valent iron was also achieved at a more moderate temperature (75 degrees C) through use of a 0.2 M acetate buffer. Based on the evaluation results, we propose two innovative processes for treating RDX-containing and perchlorate-containing wastewaters: a temperature and pressure-controlled batch iron reactor and subsequent oxidation by existing industrial wastewater treatment plant; and reduction by consecutive iron columns with heating and acid addition capabilities and subsequent oxidation. 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
William E. Mustain Hyea Kim Tyler Osborn Paul A. Kohl 《Israel journal of chemistry》2008,48(3-4):251-257
Platinum-ruthenium electrodes (PtxRu1-x) have been prepared by electrochemical and electroless deposition and investigated as catalysts for the oxidation of methanol in acidic solutions. PtxRu1-x deposits were electrochemically deposited from acidic chloride electrolytes at potentials between −0.46 and 0.34 V (vs. NHE). The composition of the electrodeposit was estimated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and is a strong function of the electrode potential. An empirical model for the deposition process is presented and kinetic parameters are estimated and discussed. Also, the methanol oxidation activity of the PtxRu1-x catalysts was characterized by cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 M CH3OH, 1.0 M H2SO4 solutions. Electroless PtxRu1-x samples were prepared in a modified Leaman bath with hydrazine dihydrochloride as the reducing agent. The kinetic results for the electrochemical deposition of PtxRu1-x were directly applied and the deposition potential was estimated as approximately 0.40 V. 相似文献
90.
Monodisperse poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) microspheres with high molecular weight obtained by suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate were saponified in alkaline aqueous solution to keep their spherical structure. The saponification was restricted on the surface of the PVAc microspheres and obtained particles had skin/core structure. Various poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres with different diameters and degrees of saponification (DSs) were obtained. The conversion of PVAc to PVA during the heterogeneous surface saponification time were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and after 72 h hydrogel type PVA microspheres completely saponified were obtained. The crystal melting temperatures of the microspheres obtained by the saponification were measured a constant value of 238°C irrespective of varying DS, and the peaks became enlarged as reaction time. Iodine complexes were formed in saponified microspheres with DS of 41% and 99% by immersing them in I2/KI aqueous solution and decomposed by the reduction of I2 in the complexes to 2I? using sodium sulfite to confirm whether the skin formed through the saponification was composed of PVA with high VA content. Obviously, characteristic blue color developments owing to I5?‐PVA complexes were observed in both saponified regions and a red in the PVAc core. Consequently, it was concluded that the PVA skins formed by heterogeneous surface saponification had high DSs. Such complexes endowed polymeric microspheres a good radiopacity which would be useful in clinical treatment of vascular diseases and were examined by X‐ray irradiation image. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献